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Abstrak :
Wound healing is a biological response that occurs following a trauma or pathologic condition of the oral mucosa. Wounds require proper management so they may heal faster and without complication. The number of fibroblast cells seen in the oral mucosa is a strong indicator of wound healing. In the remodelling phase of wound healing, fibroblast cell proliferation decreases as collagen fibres are synthesized. Noni leaf (Morinda citrifolia L.), a part of the noni plant, is traditionally used to heal soft tissue wounds in Indonesia. The leaves have potential chemical compounds that may be useful in the wound repair process. Objective: This paper aims to examine the effect of ethanol based pastes of the Indonesian noni leaf on oral mucosa wound healing by investigating visual wound closure and fibroblast cell counts in Wistar rats. Methods: Rats were divided into 2 control groups and 4 treatment groups. The pastes were formulated in concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 20% and were applied onto wounds of the oral mucosa of the rats. One control group was given no medication and the other control group had an ethanol gel with a concentration of 10% noni leaf extract applied to their intraoral wounds. Result: Result revealed that all groups treated with noni leaf paste experienced better wound closure (p<0.05) when compared to the control groups. Fibroblast cell counts showed little significance amongst all groups (p=0.143), however fibroblast cell counts of groups treated with noni leaf paste, of all concentrations, were lower than both control groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that topical application of noni leaf paste promotes better oral mucosa wound healing than gel formulas but shows no significant difference in the amounts of fibroblasts during the remodelling phase.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Penelitian ini mengenai pengaruh keberadaan Taman Nasional terhadap pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati dan nilai pelajaran biologi siswa SMU. Pelaksanaannya dilakukan di SMUN-SMUN sekitar Taman Nasional Way Kambas pada tahun 1995/1996. Pengumpulan data untuk pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati dilakukan melalui angket yang sebeiumnya sudah diujicobakan di SMUN-SMUN Kodya Bandar Lampung, sedangkan data pelajaran biologi berasal dari catur wulan 1,11,111. Penelitian terhadap 212 siswa menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati adalah 6,3 (nilai terendah 5,9 dan tertinggi 6,8). Nilai rata-rata paling tinggi berasal dari siswa SMUN Kota Gajah. Niiai rata-rata siswa seluruh SMUN dikategorikan sedang. Kunjungan yang dilakukan secara pribadi oleh siswa tidak berpengaruh terhadap pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati siswa. Niiai rata-rata pelajaran biologi adalah 6,3 (nilai terendah 5,8 dan tertingg 6,8) dan nilai paling tinggi diperoleh siswa SMUN Way Jepara. Nilai rata-rata seluruh siswa SMUN dikategorikan sedang. Kunjungan siswa secara pribadi oleh siswa berpengaruh terhadap prestasi pelajaran biologi. Kunjungan secara ekstrakurikuler tidak terlaksana. Tidak ada korelasi antara pengetahuan keanekaragaman hayati dengan nilai pelajaran biologi.

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ABSTRACT Indonesia is a megadiversity country (KLH, 1993). However, species extinction has been concern, among others due to primary forest exploitation (Turner et al. 1994). National parks are the last refuges of primary forest. Therefore, through the formal education. processes the sustainbility of biodiversity is hopely guaranteed (Walhi, 1995). This research has been conducted on the highschool (SMU) surrounding the Way Kambas National Park, Central Lampung province. The questionnaries have been used to gather the knowledge on biodiversity among students of the SMU, while the grades on biology have been gathereed through their quarterly points (reported by teachers). The results showed that ; There is-no corelation between the biology grades and the knowledge on biodiversity among the 212 students. There is no relation on distance of the school to the national park and the knowledge on biodiversity and the grades on biology. The is no organized visit by the school to the park. It is recommended that : The schools must used more properly the Way Kambas National Park to increase and improve the quality of their formal educational programs. The Way Kambas National Park management must make extension program more effectively, especially for the surrounding schools. The research must be extended to other national park of the country, for more understanding of the value of national park to the nations.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Kesehatan merupakan faklor paling utama dalam kehidupan. baik bagi diri sendiri, keluarga, masyarakat dan bangsa. Bioterorisme merupakan ancaman yang harus diantisipasi oleh setiap negara, termasuk Indonesia. Tanpa kesiapan yang memadai, dapat menimbulkan gangguan diberbagai bidang. Selain gangguan keamanan, juga berdampak pada industri perunggasan, peternakan, kegiatan pariwisata, tenaga kerja (meningkatnya jumlah pengangguran), sosial-ekonomi, politis, dan gangguan terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan hak-hak dasar manusia, terutama kesehatan. Merebaknya wabah penyakit menular di Indonesia erat kaitannya dengan praktik terorisme, seperti wabah flu burung ,wabah antraks maupun wabah polio(lumpuh layu)_ Penggunaan senjata biologi ini sangat mungkin dilakukan dan mempunyai dampak yang sangat mengerikan karena dijalarkan melalui kontaminasi, visibilitas rendah,daya kembang yang tinggi, mudah didapat, bisa dikembangkan dengan biaya yang murah dan penyebarannya cukup mudah serta tidak berakibat pada struktur yang ada. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis melalui peneliliaan kepustakaan dan survey lapangan serta wawancara dengan para pakar untuk mendapatkan datalinformasi. Dan sebagian menggunakan pendekatan kuanlitatif, yakni teknik Analitical Hierarchy Process (AHP) untuk menentukan alternatif strategi berupa saran yang sebaiknya digunakan untuk menghadapi potensi ancaman senjata biologi sebagai upaya dalam menunjang Ketahanan Nasional Indonesia, maka diperoleh beberapa alternatif cara sebagai berikut: Alternatif pertama adalah Segera membuat Undang-undang secara khusus yang menangani akibal kejahatan senjata biologi. Alternatif kedua adalah Memperketat sistem keamanan terhadap laboratorium-laboratorium yang terindikasi dapat membuat senjata biologi. Alternatif ketiga adalah Kerja sama dengan seluruh instansi terkait di tingkat nasional dan mengadakan jaringan kerjasama internasional.

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ABSTRACT
Health is the most important thing in human life, for our life, family, society, and our nation. Bioterrorism is the threat that to be anticipated by all countries including also Indonesia. With not enough preparedness will impact on various sector.In addition to security threat also will impact on the poultry husbandry, animal husbandry, tourism, labor force (increasing jobless quantity), socio economic, politics, and effect on unfulfilled the basic requirements, mainly on the health. The spread of disease (epidemic) in Indonesia is suspected link closely to terrorism threat, e.g. bird flue, anthrax also polio. Using biological weapon is possible implemented and will lead to worst condition because disseminate by contamination, low visibility, high potency, easy for delivery, developed with low cost and easy to spread and also will cause no damage to existing infrastructure. The method used for this research is analytical descriptive using library study, field survey and interviewing with expert to get the data and information. In addition also quantitative approach using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to determine alternative strategy and suggestion for facing the threat of biological weapon in order supporting Indonesian National Resilience. hence obtained several alternatives as follows : The first alternative is to make regulation or law urgently and specifically on the crime of biological weapon. The second alternative is to make strictly security system on the laboratories that potentially can be used for producing biological weapon. The third alternative is build cooperation of all the related institution on the national level and expanded further with internationally cooperation.

Abstrak :
Translokasi bakteri merupakan perpindahan bakteri dari usus ke sistem sirkulasi yang dapat menyebabkan sepsis. B. animalis subsp. lactis mencegah translokasi melalui adhesi epitel usus dan regulasi anti-inflamatori. Penelitian bertujuan mengoptimasi primer dengan target gen groEL pada B. animalis subsp. lactis [ABOT01000006] untuk kurva standar, mengetahui hubungan konsentrasi primer terhadap nilai Ct, serta mengetahui sensitivitas dan spesifisitas primer. Primer F_HNO19_groEL dan R_HNO19_groEL dirancang menggunakan program Primer3 lalu disejajarkan menggunakan Primer BLAST . Optimasi menggunakan konsentrasi primer berbeda, meliputi 50/50 nM, 100/100 nM, 300/300 nM," "500/500 nM, dan 1.000/1.000 nM. Isolat DNA diisolasi dari sampel feses bayi sehat menggunakan metode fenol-kloroform. Pasangan primer dengan konsentrasi 1.000/1.000 nM menghasilkan kurva standar optimal dengan efisiensi sebesar 93,82% dan R2sebesar 0,99. Hubungan konsentrasi primer terhadap nilai Ct pada 5 sampel DNA dengan konsentrasi berbeda tidak berkorelasi (p>0,05). Semua konsentrasi primer secara bermakna tidak memiliki perbedaan rata-rata nilai Ct (p =1,00). Pasangan primer dengan konsentrasi 50/50 nM – 1.000/1.000 nM menghasilkan kisaran Ct 8--35 sehingga dapat digunakan untuk kuantifikasi B. animalis subsp. lactis pada sampel feses secara optimal. Uji sensitivitas pasangan primer dengan konsentrasi 300/300 nM dapat mengamplifikasi DNA B. animalis subsp. lactis sampai dilusi 10-5, tetapi spesifisitasnya hanya sampai dilusi 10 .-4. ......Bacterial translocation is the transfer of bacteria from the intestine into the circulation system which can lead to sepsis. B. animalis subsp. lactis prevents translocation through adhesion to the intestinal epithelium and anti inflammatory regulation. The research aims to optimize the primer with groEL as a target gene in B. animalis subsp. lactis [ABOT01000006] for generating the standard curve, to determine the relationship of the primer concentration with the Ct values, as well as knowing the sensitivity and specificity of the primers. Primer pairs (F_HNO19_groEL and R_HNO19_groEL) had been designed with Primer3 software and aligned with Primer BLAST. Primer optimization used different primer concentrations, such as 50/50 nM, 100/100 nM, 300/300 nM, 500/500 nM, and 1.000/1.000 nM. DNA is isolated from the healty infants fecal by phenol- chloroform method. The primer pair with concentration of 1.000/1.000 nM gives optimal result for the standard curve with the efficiency value = 93,82% and R2 value = 0,99. There is no correlation between primer concentration with Ct value at 5 different concentration of the DNA (p>0,05). All primer concentration have no significant differences in the average Ct values (p = 1,00). Primer pairs with concentration of 50/50 nM – 1.000/1.000 nM gives Ct value between 8--35, so primer pairs can be used optimally for quantification B. animalis subsp. lactis in fecal samples. The sensitivity of primer with concentration of 300/300 nM can optimally amplify the B. animalis subsp. lactis to 10 -5 dilution, but the specificity is only up to 10-4 dilution.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kemampuan Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539 dalam mendegradasi pati 1% dan 2% pada suhu 30ºC, 35ºC, 40ºC, 45ºC, dan 50º C. Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539 di Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) usia 5 hari pada suhu 30ºC dibuat menjadi blok agar berdiameter 6 mm. Blok agar mengandung sel R. azygosporus (106 sel/mL) ditanam pada Czapek Dox Agar (CDA) modifikasi dengan penambahan pati 1% (b/v) dan 2% (b/v), kemudian diinkubasi pada suhu 30ºC, 35ºC, 40ºC, 45ºC, dan 50º C, selama 3 dan 5 hari. Kontrol adalah CDA modifikasi dengan pati 1% dan 2% tanpa blok agar serta CDA tanpa pati sebagai kontrol negatif. Hasil degradasi pati ditunjukkan sebagai zona bening dengan menambahkan larutan Lugol iodin pada medium perlakuan setelah 3 dan 5 hari. Kemampuan degradasi pati dihitung menggunakan Enzymatic Index (EI) dengan R/r, yaitu R adalah diameter zona bening dan r adalah diameter koloni. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa R. azygosporus UICC 539 mampu mendegradasi pati 1% dan 2% pada suhu 30º–50ºC. Kemampuan R. azygosporus UICC 539 mendegradasi pati semakin meningkat, seiring peningkatan suhu pertumbuhan dan waktu inkubasi. ......This study aims to test the ability of Rhizopus azygosporus UICC 539 to degrade 1% and 2% starch at temperatures of 30ºC, 35ºC, 40ºC, 45ºC, and 50º C. Five-day old R. azygosporus UICC 539 in Potato Sucrose Agar (PSA) at 30ºC was made into agar blocks in 6 mm diameter. Agar blocks containing R. azygosporus cells (106 cells/mL) were grown on modified Czapek Dox Agar (CDA) with the addition of 1% (w/v) and 2% (w/v) starch, and incubated at 30ºC, 35ºC, 40ºC, 45ºC, and 50ºC, for 3 and 5 days. Controls were modified CDA with 1% (w/v) and 2% (w/v) starch without agar blocks and CDA without starch as negative control. Indication of starch degradation was shown as a clear zone by adding Lugol’s iodine solution to the medium after 3 and 5 days. The ability of R. azygosporus UICC 539 to degrade starch was calculated using Enzymatic Index (EI) formulation: R/r, where R was the diameter of the clear zone and r was the diameter of the colony. The results showed that R. azygosporus UICC 539 was able to degrade 1% and 2% starch at 30ºC–50ºC. The ability of R. azygosporus UICC 539 to degrade starch increased with increasing temperature and incubation time.