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"ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat gambaran status kesehatan anak di Indonesia serta mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kesehatan anak di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan data Susenas 2013 kor. Sampel yang digunakan mencakup rumah tangga yang memiliki anak usia 0-12 tahun. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi logistik multinomial. Metode tersebut dinggap cocok karena dalam penelitian ini variabel terikat (status kesehatan anak) mempunyai tiga kategori yaitu: (1) tidak ada keluhan/sehat (2) mempunyai keluhan sakit akut dan (3) mempunyai keluhan sakit kronis. Serta untuk membandingkan antara sakit akut terhadap sehat, dan sakit kronis terhadap sehat. Faktor sosial dan ekonomi yang diperimbangkan adalah umur anak, jenis kelamin anak, daerah tempat tinggal, status perkawinan, tingkat pendidikan, status kerja, pendapatan, dan jenis pekerjaan kepala rumah tangga. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa lokasi tempat tinggal, tingkat pendidikan, tingkat pendapatan, serta status bekerja kepala keluarga signifikan memengaruhi kesehatan anak.

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ABSTRACT This study analyzed the impact of socioeconomic status of household head to child health and examines the factors that affect the health of children in Indonesia. Data used in this research is Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) of 2013 with household heads who have children aged 0-12 years as a samples. Multinomial Logistic Regression has been used to identify significant factors which affect the children health. This particular type of regression analysis was used because the dependent variables has three categories: (1) Healthy/No Complaints (2) Having acute pain complaints and (3) have chronic pain complaints. The factors considered were child’s age, child gender, location of residence, marital status, education level of the household head, employment status, income, and field of work. The result showed that the location of residence, and the head of household’s educational level, income, and work status significantly affects child health."

"Akibat rendahnya cakupan penimbangan balita di posyandu tahun 1999 (angka D/S) maka 7.396 (4,72%) balita di Sumatera Barat jatuh pada keadaan kurang energi protein (KEP) sedang, 2.092 (1,3%) jatuh pada keadaan KEP berat (busung lapar), dengan kematian sebanyak 20 balita (0,05%). Untuk menurunkan angka KEP di atas pemerintah melaksanakan program penimbangan di posyandu di setiap desa. Kehadiran posyandu di setiap desa diharapkan mampu meningkatkan jumlah penimbangan balita (D/S) dengan demikian sekaligus mampu memperluas pemantauan status gizi balita dan program posyandu lainnya.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran cakupan penimbangan balita di posyandu, faktor-faktor lain yang berhubungan dengan cakupan tersebut serta melihat faktor mana yang paling dominan dalam mempengaruhi cakupan penimbangan di posyandu. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kecamatan IV Jurai Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan Propinsi Sumatera Barat.Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan responden sebanyak 106 ibu balita di Kecamatan. IV Jurai Kabupaten. Pesisir Selatan Propinsi Sumatera Barat. yang dipilih secara systematic random sampling.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa cakupan penimbangan balita di kecamatan ini sebesar 51,2%. Terdapat 4 (empat) faktor yang berhubungan dengan cakupan penimbangan balita yaitu faktor status bekerja dan pengetahuan ibu mengenai posyandu, faktor pelayanan posyandu serta faktor pembinaan oleh kader. Faktor pelayanan posyandu ternyata merupakan faktor dominan dari keempat faktor di atas.Penelititan ini juga menyarankan agar semua pihak khususnya jajaran kesehatan baik di level Puskesmas maupun tingkat Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan untuk tetap terus berusaha memperbaik manajemen mutu pelayanan kesehatan khususnya di tingkat posyandu. Juga disarankan agar Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan menganggarkan alokasi khusus kegiatan pelayanan posyandu untuk tahun anggaran 2001 dalam rangka mengantisipasi diberlakukannya Undang-undang No. 22 tahun 1999 tentang otonomi daerah. ......Correlation Between Mothers Characteristics of Under Five Children and Weighing Coverage in IV Jurai Sub District West Sumatera Province in Pesisir Selatan District, 2000A low weighing coverage for under five children in West Sumatera in 1999 caused a high prevalence of protein energy malnutrition, 4.72% and 1.3% respectively, for moderate and severe PEM with 0.05% death rate. To decrease the prevalence mentioned above government implements weighing program (integrated health posts, Posyandus ) in villages. The Posyandus are expected to increase the weighing coverage in order to monitor mutational status of the children.This study aims to obtain a figure of weighing coverage at the Posyandus and factors related to coverage and also to know the predominant factors among them. The study was conducted in IV Jurai sub district.Study design was a cross sectional one with under five old mothers as sample The number of respondents. The number of respondent was 106 selected through a systematic random sampling.The study showed that 51.8% of the children have been coming to the Posyandu. The Study concluded that there are four variables correlating to weighing coverage. The four variables are: job mothers, factors related to Posyandu service, knowledge mother's and guidance of cadre.Based on the study results it is suggested that Pesisir Selatan administration office district has to allocate the operational Posyandu budgeting in 2001."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Epilepsi umum merupakan jenis epilepsi yang sering dijumpai pada anak. Data mengenai faktor risiko epilepsi intraktabel pada anak dengan epilepsi umum masih sangat terbatas. Perlu dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk mengetahui faktor risiko yang berperan dalam kejadian epilepsi intraktabel sehingga dapat menjadi dasar dalam tata laksana serta edukasi pasien dan orangtua.Tujuan: (1) Mengetahui karakteristik pasien epilepsi umum dan frekuensi terjadinya epilepsi intraktabel pada anak dengan epilepsi umum . (2) Mengetahui apakah usia awitan, tipe kejang, frekuensi awal serangan, status perkembangan motor kasar awal, respon terapi awal, gambaran EEG awal, dan gambaran MRI/CT Scan kepala dapat menjadi faktor risiko terjadinya epilepsi intraktabel pada anak dengan epilepsi umum. (3) Mengetahui apakah evolusi status perkembangan motor kasar, dan evolusi EEG epileptiform dapat menjadi faktor risiko terjadinya epilepsi intraktabel pada anak dengan epilepsi umumMetode: Penelitian kohort retrospektif berdasarkan rekam medis dilakukan di poliklinik rawat jalan neurologi anak Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak FKUI-RSCM dan poliklinik anak swasta RSCM antara bulan September sampai dengan Desember 2014 terhadap anak epilepsi umum usia koreksi 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun, dengan lama pengobatan minimal 6 bulan. Faktor risiko dianalisis bivariat dan multivariat.Hasil: Angka kejadian epilepsi umum intraktabel adalah 21 (21%). Usia subjek terbanyak adalah usia >3 tahun sebanyak 85(83%) subjek. Pada analisis bivariat didapatkan faktor risiko yang bermakna adalah usia awitan kejang <1 tahun (OR 11,4 IK 95% 3,45-37,62), frekuensi awal serangan ≥5 kali/hari (OR 8,5 IK95% 2,90-24,80), respon awal terapi buruk (OR 160 IK 95% 19,12-1339,06), evolusi status perkembangan motor kasar buruk (OR 4,9 IK95% 1,79-13,67) dan evolusi EEG epileptiform buruk (OR 10 IK95%3,25-30,92). Pada analisis multivariat didapatkan respon awal terapi buruk dengan nilai OR 144,3 (IK95% 15,47-1345,59) dan usia awitan kejang < 1 tahun dengan nilai OR 9,6 (IK95% 1,78-51,92) merupakan faktor risiko yang berpern untuk menjadi epilepsi umum intraktabel.Simpulan : Angka kejadian epilepsi umum intraktabel sebanyak 21%. Faktor risiko yang sangat berperan adalah respon terapi awal buruk dan usia awitan kejang <1 tahun.

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ABSTRACTBackground: Generalized epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy in children. Limited datas of intractable epilepsy risk factors are available at present. Therefore, more studies are needed to investigate the risk factors of intractable epilepsy in order to manage and educate both patients and parents.Objective: (1) to describe characteristic and frequency of intractable epilepsy in children with generalized epilepsy, (2) to investigate the role of age onset of seizure, initial seizure frequency, type of seizure, early gross motor developmental status, early therapeutic response, early EEG description and cerebral MRI/CT scan as risk factors of intractable epilepsy in children with generalized epilepsy, (3) to investigate the role of gross motor developmental status evolution and epileptiform EEG evolution as risk factors of intractable epilepsy.Methods: Retrospective cohort study was conducted at neurology outpatient pediatric RSCM and private outpatient clinic between September to December 2014. The inclusion criteria was generalized epilepsy children age 1 month of corrected age to 18 years old which has been treated with antiepileptic drugs for at least 6 months. Risk factors were analyze with bivariate and multivariate analysis.Results: Prevalence of intractable generalized epilepsy is 21%. Most subject are >3 years old 85(83%) subject. Bivariate analysis showed that age onset of seizure (OR 11,4 CI95% 3,45-37,62), initial seizure frequency ≥5 times/day (OR 8,5 CI 95% 2,90-24,80), non-responder of early treatment (OR 160 CI 95% 19,12-1339,06), unfavorable gross motor development evolution (OR 4,9 CI 95% 1,79-13,67) and unfavorable epileptiform EEG evolution (OR 10 CI 3,25-30,92) are significantly associated with intractable epilepsy. The most important among those risk factors based on multivariate analysis are non-responder of early treatment with OR 144,3 (CI95% 15,47-1345,59) and age onset < 1 year old with OR 9,6 (CI 1,78-51,92).Conclusions: Prevalence of intractable generalized epilepsy is 21%. Non-responder early treatment and age onset of seizure < 1 year old are strongly associated with intractable generalized epilepsy.;Background: Generalized epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy inchildren. Limited datas of intractable epilepsy risk factors are available at present.Therefore, more studies are needed to investigate the risk factors of intractableepilepsy in order to manage and educate both patients and parents. Objective: (1) to describe characteristic and frequency of intractable epilepsy inchildren with generalized epilepsy, (2) to investigate the role of age onset ofseizure, initial seizure frequency, type of seizure, early gross motor developmentalstatus, early therapeutic response, early EEG description and cerebral MRI/CTscan as risk factors of intractable epilepsy in children with generalized epilepsy,(3) to investigate the role of gross motor developmental status evolution andepileptiform EEG evolution as risk factors of intractable epilepsy. Methods: Retrospective cohort study was conducted at neurology outpatientpediatric RSCM and private outpatient clinic between September to December2014. The inclusion criteria was generalized epilepsy children age 1 month ofcorrected age to 18 years old which has been treated with antiepileptic drugs for atleast 6 months. Risk factors were analyze with bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Prevalence of intractable generalized epilepsy is 21%. Most subject are>3 years old 85(83%) subject. Bivariate analysis showed that age onset of seizure(OR 11,4 CI95% 3,45-37,62), initial seizure frequency ≥5 times/day (OR 8,5 CI95% 2,90-24,80), non-responder of early treatment (OR 160 CI 95% 19,121339,06),unfavorablegrossmotordevelopmentevolution(OR4,9CI95%1,7913,67)and unfavorable epileptiform EEG evolution (OR 10 CI 3,25-30,92) aresignificantly associated with intractable epilepsy. The most important amongthose risk factors based on multivariate analysis are non-responder of earlytreatment with OR 144,3 (CI95% 15,47-1345,59) and age onset < 1 year old withOR 9,6 (CI 1,78-51,92). Conclusions: Prevalence of intractable generalized epilepsy is 21%. Nonresponder early treatment and age onset of seizure < 1 year old are strongly associated with intractable generalized epilepsy.;Background: Generalized epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy inchildren. Limited datas of intractable epilepsy risk factors are available at present.Therefore, more studies are needed to investigate the risk factors of intractableepilepsy in order to manage and educate both patients and parents. Objective: (1) to describe characteristic and frequency of intractable epilepsy inchildren with generalized epilepsy, (2) to investigate the role of age onset ofseizure, initial seizure frequency, type of seizure, early gross motor developmentalstatus, early therapeutic response, early EEG description and cerebral MRI/CTscan as risk factors of intractable epilepsy in children with generalized epilepsy,(3) to investigate the role of gross motor developmental status evolution andepileptiform EEG evolution as risk factors of intractable epilepsy. Methods: Retrospective cohort study was conducted at neurology outpatientpediatric RSCM and private outpatient clinic between September to December2014. The inclusion criteria was generalized epilepsy children age 1 month ofcorrected age to 18 years old which has been treated with antiepileptic drugs for atleast 6 months. Risk factors were analyze with bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Prevalence of intractable generalized epilepsy is 21%. Most subject are>3 years old 85(83%) subject. Bivariate analysis showed that age onset of seizure(OR 11,4 CI95% 3,45-37,62), initial seizure frequency ≥5 times/day (OR 8,5 CI95% 2,90-24,80), non-responder of early treatment (OR 160 CI 95% 19,121339,06),unfavorablegrossmotordevelopmentevolution(OR4,9CI95%1,7913,67)and unfavorable epileptiform EEG evolution (OR 10 CI 3,25-30,92) aresignificantly associated with intractable epilepsy. The most important amongthose risk factors based on multivariate analysis are non-responder of earlytreatment with OR 144,3 (CI95% 15,47-1345,59) and age onset < 1 year old withOR 9,6 (CI 1,78-51,92). Conclusions: Prevalence of intractable generalized epilepsy is 21%. Nonresponder early treatment and age onset of seizure < 1 year old are strongly associated with intractable generalized epilepsy., Background: Generalized epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy inchildren. Limited datas of intractable epilepsy risk factors are available at present.Therefore, more studies are needed to investigate the risk factors of intractableepilepsy in order to manage and educate both patients and parents. Objective: (1) to describe characteristic and frequency of intractable epilepsy inchildren with generalized epilepsy, (2) to investigate the role of age onset ofseizure, initial seizure frequency, type of seizure, early gross motor developmentalstatus, early therapeutic response, early EEG description and cerebral MRI/CTscan as risk factors of intractable epilepsy in children with generalized epilepsy,(3) to investigate the role of gross motor developmental status evolution andepileptiform EEG evolution as risk factors of intractable epilepsy. Methods: Retrospective cohort study was conducted at neurology outpatientpediatric RSCM and private outpatient clinic between September to December2014. The inclusion criteria was generalized epilepsy children age 1 month ofcorrected age to 18 years old which has been treated with antiepileptic drugs for atleast 6 months. Risk factors were analyze with bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: Prevalence of intractable generalized epilepsy is 21%. Most subject are>3 years old 85(83%) subject. Bivariate analysis showed that age onset of seizure(OR 11,4 CI95% 3,45-37,62), initial seizure frequency ≥5 times/day (OR 8,5 CI95% 2,90-24,80), non-responder of early treatment (OR 160 CI 95% 19,121339,06),unfavorablegrossmotordevelopmentevolution(OR4,9CI95%1,7913,67)and unfavorable epileptiform EEG evolution (OR 10 CI 3,25-30,92) aresignificantly associated with intractable epilepsy. The most important amongthose risk factors based on multivariate analysis are non-responder of earlytreatment with OR 144,3 (CI95% 15,47-1345,59) and age onset < 1 year old withOR 9,6 (CI 1,78-51,92). Conclusions: Prevalence of intractable generalized epilepsy is 21%. Nonresponder early treatment and age onset of seizure < 1 year old are strongly associated with intractable generalized epilepsy.]"

"Latar belakang: Banyak faktor yang memengaruhi stimulasi dan salah satunya adalah stimulasi. Fungsi kognitif berhubungan dengan stimulasi yang diberikan oleh orangtua atau pengasuh.Tujuan: Menilai hubungan stimulasi dengan fungsi kognitif anak perawakan pendek dan normal usia prasekolahMetode: Studi cross sectional yang dilakukan di empat kelurahan di Jakarta dengan metode pengambilan sampel secara consecutive sampling. Kriteria inklusi adalah anak usia prasekolah dari penelitian pada perawakan pendek sebelumnya dengan orangtua atau pengasuh. Penilaian stimulasi menggunakan kuesioner versi Bahasa Indonesia dan fungsi kognitif dengan the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) versi Bahasa Indonesia yang dinilai oleh Psikolog. Analisis data dengan uji korelasi Pearson dan Kai kuadrat, hasil signifikan bila nilai p < 0,05Hasil: Subjek 62 anak yang terdiri dari 22 (35,5%) perawakan pendek dan 40 (64,5%) perawakan normal. Pada perawakan pendek didapatkan yang terbanyak stimulasi perkembangan kategori sedang (54,5%), proporsi IQ verbal dan total rata-rata (59,1% dan 50,0%), proporsi IQ performa di bawah rata-rata (45,5%). Hubungan stimulasi dengan fungsi kognitif IQ total pada anak perawakan normal (r=0,316; p=0,047). Perbedaan proporsi IQ verbal, IQ performa dan IQ total pada perawakan pendek dan normal (p=0,409; p=0,119; p=0,877).Simpulan: Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara stimulasi dengan fungsi kognitif. Tidak terdapat perbedaan proporsi penilaian kognitif dari rata-rata ke atas pada IQ verbal, IQ performa dan IQ total pada perawakan pendek dan normal. Hasil ini harus diinformasikan kepada orangtua atau pengasuh bahwa stimulasi memengaruhi fungsi kognitif dan harus dilakukan rutin setiap hari.......Background: Several factors influence cognitive function and stimulation is one of them. Cognitive function is related to stimulation given by parents or caregivers.Aim: To assess correlation between stimulation with cognitive function of preschool children with normal and short stature.Methods: A cross-sectional study with a consecutive sampling was done in four sub-districts in Jakarta. Inclusion criteria were preschool-age children from the previous research on short stature and their parents or caregivers. Stimulation assessment using an Indonesian questionnaire version. Verbal IQ (VIQ), performance IQ (PIQ), and full-scale IQ (FSIQ) were assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) Indonesian version by Psychologist. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and Chi-square test with a statistically significant if p-value <0.05.Results: Subject of 62 children consist of 64.5% normal and 35.5% short stature. Most of short stature children obtained medium category stimulation (54.5%), an average VIQ and FSIQ proportion (59.1% and 50.0%, respectively), below the average PIQ proportion (45.5%). Correlation between stimulation with FSIQ (r= 0.316; p-value= 0.047) in normal stature. Verbal IQ, PIQ and FSIQ proportion difference from an average and above between normal and short stature children were p-value= 0.409; p-value= 0.119; p-value= 0.877, respectively.Conclusion: There was a significant correlation between stimulation and cognitive function. Cognitive function from an average and above between normal and short stature is no proportion difference. This finding must be informed to the parents or caregivers that stimulation affects the cognitive function, and it must be done every day regularly."

"Latar Belakang: Anak jalanan yang jumlahnya terus meningkat, merupakan kelompok berisiko tinggi terhadap berbagai masalah sosial dan kesehatan, namun belum ada informasi tentang pengetahuan, sikap, dan perilaku mereka yang berisiko penularan HIV/AIDS.Tujuan: Mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap HIV/AIDS, serta perilaku berisiko tinggi penularan HIV/AIDS dan faktor yang memengaruhinya pada anak jalanan usia remaja di Jakarta.Metode: Studi kuantitatif (kuesioner yang divalidasi) dan kualitatif (wawancara, focus group discussion, dan observasi) terhadap 100 subjek usia 10-18 tahun yang dipilih secara konsekutif. Analisis statistik menggunakan analisis bivariat (uji kai kuadrat atau uji Fischer) dan multivariat (uji regresi logistik).Hasil: Sebagian besar (85%) subjek memiliki tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap yang masih kurang terhadap HIV/AIDS, 35% subjek belum pernah mendengar istilah HIV/AIDS. Tingkat pendidikan dan status ekonomi keluarga merupakan faktor yang memengaruhi pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap HIV/AIDS. Perilaku risiko tinggi penularan HIV/AIDS melibatkan 27% subjek, risiko sedang 18% subjek, risiko rendah 55% subjek. Sebanyak 17% subjek pernah berhubungan seksual (82,4% tidak pernah menggunakan kondom), 58% perokok; 45% peminum alkohol, 26% pengguna obat-obatan terlarang. Prostitusi dan homoseksualitas juga didapatkan pada anak jalanan. Usia, jenis kelamin, tingkat pendidikan, lama bekerja, jumlah jam kerja, tempat tinggal, frekuensi bertemu orangtua kandung, dan sumber informasi utama merupakan faktor yang memengaruhi tingkat perilaku risiko tinggi.Simpulan: Anak jalanan memiliki tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap yang kurang terhadap HIV/AIDS serta banyak terlibat perilaku berisiko tinggi, sehingga membutuhkan penanganan yang komprehensif dan multidisiplin.......Background: Street children are increasing and highly vulnerable to many social and health problems, but very little is known about their knowledge, attitudes, and behavior related to HIV/AIDS transmission.Objectives: To identify level of knowledge, attitudes, and high-risk behavior related to HIV/AIDS transmission among adolescent street children in Jakarta and its related factors.Methods: Quantitative (validated questionnaire) and qualitative (in-depth interview, focus group discussion, and observation) study were conducted among 100 participants aged 10-18 years old which were recruited consecutively. Statistical analysis was done using bivariate (Chi-square or Fischer tests) and multivariate (logistic regression) analysis.Results: Most participants (85%) had low knowledge about HIV/AIDS and 35% subjects never heard about HIV/AIDS. Low education level and low socio-economic status increased likelihood of having low knowledge about HIV/AIDS. High-risk behaviors were engaged by 27% participants, moderate risk 18%, low risk 55% participants. Seventeen percent subjects were sexually experienced (82,4% never use condom), 58% smokers, 45% alcohol drinkers, and 26% drug abusers. Prostitution and homosexuality were also prevalent among street children. Factors that increased the likelihood of displaying risky behavior were being male, older age, low education level, being street children more than 5 years, working on the street more than 35 hours a week, living on the street, less contact with parents, and having friend as major source of information.Conclusions: Street children had low knowledge and attitude toward HIV/AIDS and high engagement on high-risk behavior, thus require comprehensive and multidisciplinary approaches."

"Tesis ini membahas pelaksanaan perbaikan gizi Balita di PTTP di Desa Kedawung tahun 2008. Disain penelitian adalah kualitatif dengan instrumen Pedoman wawancara mendalam dan FGD serta daftar observasi. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bentuk usaha perbaikan gizi Balita di Kebumen adalah pengintegrasian layanan usia dini berupa aspek kesehatan dan pendidikan yang tetap menekankan pada prinsip UKBM. Usaha perbaikan gizi kurang berhasil karena dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor seperti: rendahnya pendidikan, kurangnya pengetahuan dan status bekerja pada sebagian ibu Balita, kurang optimal upaya peningkatan pengetahuan ibu di PTTP dan perbedaan persepsi tentang keberadaan PTTP diantara internal sektor terkait. Disarankan untuk melanjutkan program ini dengan melakukan beberapa pembenahan terutama menyamakan persepsi lintas sektoral sebagai kunci pembuka penyelesaian masalah lain terkait perbaikan gizi. ......The focus of this study is implementation on effort to betterment of nutrition for children under 5 years old at PTTP in Desa Kedawung, year 2008. This research is qualitative and fact finding was guided by indept interview and FGD?s guidance. The result of the research visualize that the form of effort to betterment of nutrition for children in Kebumen is an integration of service in early childhood as health aspect as well as education aspect which still emphasize on UKBM principle. The effort did not run well influenced by various factors such as low education, lack of knowlegde, working status of the majority mothers of children and less optimum effort in increasing knowledge of mothers and also there are different perceptions among linked sectors PTTP. The researcher suggested the action of equalizing perceptions between linked sectors is needed so all parties are able to function in roles applied to each particular sector in benefit to each PTTP to become fully community?s property for the people as the starting point to solve all of PTTP?s problems."

"Pneumonia pada balita masih merupakan masalah kesehatan utama baik di dunia maupun di Indonesia. Di Indonesia, Pneumonia merupakan penyebab kematian nomor dua pada bayi dan anak balita. Kecamatan Cakung merupakan salah satu daerah yang memiliki kasus pneumonia pada balita yang cukup banyak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor risiko yang berhubungan dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita di wilayah Puskesmas Kecamatan Cakung. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi case control. Populasi penelitian adalah balita usia 12-59 bulan yang berada di Wilayah Puskesmas Kecamatan Cakung. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara paparan asap rokok dalam rumah (OR=4,67; 1,19-18,33); tingkat konsumsi rokok (OR=2,77; 1,12-6,86), pencahayaan alami dalam rumah (OR=5,16; 1,94-13,70); pengetahuan ibu (OR=3,85; 1,12-13,25), status gizi (OR=9,14; 1,90-43,89), riwayat imunisasi (OR=3,85; 1,12-13,25) dan riwayat ASI ekslusif (OR=3,11; 1,24-7,78) terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita di wilayah Puskesmas Kecamatan Cakung. Faktor yang diprediksi paling dominan mempengaruhi kejadian pneumonia adalah status gizi (OR=5,607; 1,082-29,058).

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Pneumonia in children under five is still major public health problem in the world or in Indonesia. In Indonesia, Pneumonia is the number two cause of death in infants and children under five. Cakung sub-district is one of the areas that have quite a lot cases of pneumonia in children under five. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with the incidence of pneumonia in children under five in the region of Cakung sub-district health center. This study uses a case control study design. The population in this study are all of children aged 12 month until 59 months who lived in the region of Cakung sub-district health center.

The results of this study indicate that there was a significant correlation between exposure to secondhand smoke in the home (OR = 4.67; 1.19 to 18.33); the number of ciggarates smoked per day (OR=2,77; 1,12-6,86), lighting in the home (OR = 5.16; 1.94 to 13.70), knowledge of mothers (OR = 3.85; 1.12 to 13.25), nutritional status (OR = 9.14; 1.90 to 43.89), immunization history (OR = 3.85; 1.12 to 13 , 25) and a history of exclusive breastfeeding (OR = 3.11; 1.24 to 7.78) with the incidence of pneumonia among children under five in the region of Cakung sub-district health center. The variable that predicted the most dominant cause of pneumonia is the nutritional status (OR = 5.607; 1.082 to 29.058)."

"Vaksinasi COVID-19 merupakan salah satu alternatif untuk mencegah penyebaran COVID-19. Provinsi Gorontalo merupakan wilayah dengan cakupan vaksinasi COVID-19 yang rendah pada remaja, sehingga perlu dikaji tingkat pengetahuan, sikap, dan keinginan remaja untuk membantu memaksimalkan program vaksinasi COVID-19 di kalangan remaja. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap dengan keinginan remaja terhadap vaksinasi COVID-19 di Provinsi Gorontalo. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional dan metode convenience sampling digunakan dengan melibatkan 444 remaja di Provinsi Gorontalo. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara Usia, masalah keuangan, status kesehatan, status COVID-19, status penyakit kronis, riwayat anggota keluarga atau teman yang pernah terinfeksi COVID-19, didiagnosis penyakit kongenital, status pekerjaan orangtua, sumber informasi tentang vaksin COVID-19, tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap dengan keinginan remaja terhadap vaksinasi COVID-19. Analisis regresi logistik menunjukkan variabel dominan yaitu sikap positif terhadap keinginan remaja untuk vaksin COVID-19, yaitu dengan nilai p = < 0,001 dan aOR = 9,643 (95% CI = 4,850 – 19,171). Secara keseluruhan terdapat hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan dan sikap dengan keinginan remaja terhadap vaksinasi COVID-19 di Provinsi Gorontalo. Pemerintah perlu membuat kebijakan khusus mengenai vaksin COVID-19 terhadap remaja, guna meningkatkan cakupan vaksinasi COVID-19.......Vaccination against COVID-19 is an alternative to prevent the spread of COVID- 19. Gorontalo Province is an area with low COVID-19 vaccination coverage for adolescents, so it is necessary to study the level of knowledge, attitudes, and willingness of adolescents to help maximize the COVID-19 vaccination program among adolescents. This study aims to identify the relationship between the level of knowledge and attitudes with adolescents' willingenss for COVID-19 vaccination in Gorontalo Province. This study used a cross-sectional design and the convenience sampling method involved 444 adolescents in Gorontalo Province. The results of the chi-square test showed that there was a significant relationship between age, financial problems, health status, COVID-19 status, chronic disease status, history of family members or friends who had been infected with COVID- 19, diagnosed with congenital diseases, parents' employment status, sources of information. about the COVID-19 vaccine, the level of knowledge and attitudes of adolescents towards the COVID-19 vaccination. Logistic regression analysis showed that the dominant variable was a positive attitude towards adolescents' willingness for the COVID-19 vaccine, with p value = < 0.001 and aOR = = 9,643 (95% CI = 4,850 – 19,171). Overall, there is a relationship between the level of knowledge and attitudes with the willingness of adolescents towards COVID-19 vaccination in Gorontatol Province. The government needs to make a special policy regarding the COVID-19 vaccine for adolescents, in order to increase the coverage of the COVID-19 vaccination."