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"In studying Japan?s cultural institution, understanding IE, which was the traditional family system used by the Bushi in the Tokugawa era, is indispensable. The IE system is believed to influence the entire aspect of Japanese life, be it the way of thinking, politics, social, economy, marriage, religion, and even the view of ?Family State? in the era of Meiji Restoration implemented the structure of IE system. Hence, the IE system is considered to be one of the pillars of Japan?s success. This short essay will discuss the IE ideology in the concept of experts on Japanese culture, the principles of Japanese?s social relationships, the IE ideology in the structure of ?Family State?, and Japan?s modern family system."

"United States? foreign policy has been extremely influenced by some determinantfactors both personal and institutional. However, by the end of World War II, an institutionknown as interest group, played important role relatively to the determination of United States?foreign policies, particularly those which were related to Middle East conflict. A Jewish lobbyknown as AIPAC (American Israeli Public Affairs Committee) has been the most powerfulinterest group to influence the United States? foreign policy especially after President Truman?sadministration. This article describes the internal development of AIPAC and someAIPAC?s actions in order to get public supports to influence the decision makers."

"ABSTRAKThe dissertation discusses various documents on Java collected in Siku Quanshu (Complete Library of Four Treasures). The documents used as the sources of this study are the ones with complete pictures and strong narration on Javanese recorded from Han Dynasty (206 bc?220 ad) to Ming Dynasty (1364?1644) in order to reveal what kind of historical knowledge or historical information is delivered by Chinese historians in general and what kind of point of view is used by historians to deliver the notes about Java. Through analytical reading, the readers will find that historians paid attention to three issues: the relationship between China and Java, the condition of Javanese kingdoms and their culture, and the Java land natural resources. People of China regard their country as an ancient country with long history of remarkable civilization which located in the centre of the world. The awareness of how important is their country, indirectly influences the historians? points of views. The texts analyzed indirectly prove that some areas on Java are culturally left behind and the countries beyondChina, including Java, are the barbaric ones obliging their people to submit or pay tributes to the Kingdoms of China"

"This article discusses various early sources on the Indonesian archipelago. Itstarts with the status of knowledge before the first voyage of the Portugueseto the Moluccas from accounts of travellers to insular Southeast Asia in theMiddle Ages and the picture on world maps European cartographers produced.Comparing that view with text sources and the resulting geographic material ofthe first expeditions by the Portuguese provides an insight into contemporarymechanisms of knowledge transfer. Certain effects can be traced and are repeatedon different levels of access to the original facts mainly because most maps weredrawn up in Europe but based on the geographic description provided by textaccounts. An abundance and multiplication of failures and mistakes is evidentand is partly related to the scarcity of sources and due to reproduction techniques."