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"SIK modifikasi resin dapat mengalami penurunan kekerasan permukaan pada pH kritis rongga mulut 5,5 yang dapat dicegah dengan pemberian ion kalsium dan fosfat. Ion tersebut bersumber dari CPP ACP. Pengaplikasian CPP ACP pada SIK modifikasi resin diketahui mampu mencegah terjadinya penurunan kekerasan permukaan SIK modifikasi resin. Saat ini telah ada penggabungan propolis pada CPP ACP yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan sifat antibakteri tetapi diketahui penambahan propolis mengurangi pelepasan ion kalsium dan fosfat dari CPP ACP sehingga berpengaruh terhadap kemampuannya dalam melindungi SIK modifikasi resin dari penurunan kekerasan permukaan. Namun belum diketahui efek pengaplikasian CPP ACP yang ditambahkan propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan SIK modifikasi resin.Tujuan: penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh aplikasi pasta CPP ACP dengan dan tanpa kombinasi propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan semen ionomer kaca modifikasi resin.Metode: Tiga puluh spesimen semen ionomer kaca modifikasi resin berbentuk silinder berukuran 6 x 3 mm, di polimerisasi menggunakan LED curing unit irradiansi 700 mW/cm2, selama 20 detik kemudian disimpan selama 1 hari kering dalam inkubator. Spesimen diuji kekerasan awalnnya dengan Knoop Hardness Tester (50 g selama 15 detik) dengan penjejasan 5 kali di 5 lokasi permukaan yang berbeda kemudian diambil nilai rata-ratanya untuk mempresentasikan permukaan spesimen. Spesimen dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok yaitu spesimen tanpa dan dengan pengolesan CPP ACP yang didiamkan 30 menit dan dengan pengolesan CPP ACP propolis yang didiamkan 30 menit. Seluruh spesimen direndam dalam larutan asam laktat pH 5,5 selama 24 jam dan diuji nilai kekerasan permukaan akhirnya. Data dianalisis menunggunakan uji statistik Kruskal Wallis dan uji Post Hoc Mann Whittney.Hasil: hasil menunjukkan bahwa kekerasan awal seluruh spesimen adalah 30,68, 0,03 dan setelah diberi perlakuan kelompok A menjadi 24,96, 0,07, kelompok B menjadi 27,9, 0,01 dan kelompok C menjadi 26.5, 0,03. Pengaplikasian CPP ACP propolis pada SIK modifikasi resin menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan permukaan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang hanya diaplikasikan CPP ACP.

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The surface hardness of Resin modified glass ionomer cement can be decrease at the critical pH of the oral cavity 5.5 which can be prevented by giving calcium and phosphate ions. These ions can be sourced from CPP ACP. Aplication CPP ACP is known to be able to prevent a decrease in the surface hardness of resin modified glass ionomer cement. Now there has been the addition of propolis to CPP ACP which functions as an antibacterial but it is known the further addition of propolis reduces ion calcium and phosphate release from CPP ACP which influences its capability in protecting RMGIC from further reduction of surface hardnes. However, the effect of CPP ACP application that added propolis is not yet known on resin modified glass ionomer cement.

Objective: this study aims to compare the effect of CPP ACP paste application with it and without a combination of propolis against the surface hardness of glass ionomer cement modified resin.

Methods: thirty specimens of Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement in cylindrical shape (6 x 3 mm), 1 day dray storage in the incubator and the specimen are polymerized for 20 seconds using a 700 mW/cm irradiance LED curing unit. The initial specimens were tested for hardness with Knoop Hardness Tester (50 g for 15 seconds) with 5 times of crushing in 5 different surface locations then the average value was taken to present the specimen surface. The specimens were divided into three groups: without CPP ACP application, CPP ACP and CPP ACP Propolis application which were allowed to stand for 30 minutes. All specimens were immersed in lactic acid pH 5.5 for 24 hours and tested for final surface hardness values. Data obtained analyzed using Kruskal Wallis dan Mann Whittney.

Results: the test showed that the initial hardness of all specimens were 30,68, 0,03 and after treatment group A becomes 24,96, 0,07, group B becomes 27,9, 0,01 and group C becomes 26.5, 0,03. There was a decrease surface hardness of the resin modified glass ionomer cement before and after immersion at all groups. The initial hardness of all specimens were 30,68, 0,03 and after treatment group A becomes 24,96, 0,07, group B becomes 27,9, 0,01 and group C becomes 26.5, 0,03. The application of CPP ACP propolis to RMGIC caused."

"Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) Konvensional dapat mengalami diskolorasi.Untuk mengetahui pengaruh penyikatan pasta gigi terhadap tingkat diskolorasi SIK Konvensional, dilakukan penelitian terhadap 24 spesimen SIK konvensional yang disikat oleh empat jenis pasta gigi dengan lama penyikatan 1, 2 dan 4 minggu, setelah sebelumnya direndam dalam larutan kopi. Terdapat peningkatan kecerahan warna seiring lama penyikatan pada setiap kelompok. Uji antar kelompok waktu menunjukkan adanya perubahan bermakna (p<0,05) pada beberapa kelompok pasta gigi sedangkan antar jenis pasta gigi menunjukkan perubahan bermakna (p<0,05) hanya pada minggu pertama dan ketiga. Penyikatan menggunakan pasta gigi pemutih menyebabkan peningkatan kecerahan warna SIK konvensional yang sebelumnya mengalami diskolorasi karena kopi.

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Discoloration can also happen to restorative material, such as Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement (Conventional GIC). To identify the effect of brushing with whitening toothpaste to discoloration level of conventional GIC, twenty-four specimens were first immersed in coffee, then brushed by four different toothpastes. There were increase of lightness at longer time of brushing in every specimens. Test between time groups showed significant changes (p<0,05) only in some toothpaste groups and also significant changes (p<0,05) between toothpaste groups only in the first and third week. Whitening toothpaste can decrease discoloration level of stained conventional GIC."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi pasta CPP-ACP terhadap kekerasan permukaan semen ionomer kaca saat perendaman dalam jus jeruk kemasan. Delapan belas spesimen semen ionomer kaca Fuji IX dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok; tanpa CPP-ACP Kelompok A, dioleskan CPP-ACP selama 3 menit Kelompok B, dan dioleskan CPP-ACP selama 30 menit Kelompok C. Spesimen direndam dalam jus jeruk kemasan dan diuji kekerasannya menggunakan Vickers Hardness Tester. Data dianalisa menggunakan One-Way ANOVA.

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This study aims to identify the effect of CPP ACP paste towards surface hardness of glass ionomer cement when immersed in orange juice. Eighteen specimens of Fuji IX Glass Ionomer Cement were divided into three groups without CPP ACP Group A, applied with CPP ACP for 3 minutes Group B, and applied with CPP ACP for 30 minutes Group C. Specimens were immersed in orange juice and tested for surface hardness using Vickers Hardness Tester. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA."

"Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) konvensional dapat mengalami penurunan kekerasan permukaan pada pH 5,5 sehingga membutuhkan pemberian ion kalsium dan fosfat yang dapat ditemukan pada CPP-ACP untuk mencegah penurunan kekerasan. Penelitian terhadap CPP-ACP tengah dilakukan dengan penambahan propolis yang ditujukan untuk menambah sifat antimikroba. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya diketahui bahwa penambahan propolis pada CPP-ACP menyebabkan ion kalsium dan fosfat yang dilepaskan berkurang sehingga mungkin memengaruhi kemampuannya dalam mencegah penurunan kekerasan SIK konvensional. Namun belum diketahui efek CPP-ACP apabila ditambahkan propolis pada SIK konvensional.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan pengaruh CPP-ACP dengan dan tanpa kombinasi propolis terhadap kekerasan permukaan SIK konvensional.Metode: Tiga puluh spesimen SIK konvensional berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 6mm dan tebal 3 mm dibuat dan diletakkan dalam inkubator selama 24 jam. Spesimen lalu dilakukan pengujian kekerasan awal menggunakan Vickers Micro Hardness Tester dengan indenter Knoop, setiap spesimen diberikan indentasi dengan beban 50 g selama 15 detik sebanyak 5 kali diposisi berbeda pada permukaan dan diambil rata-rata untuk merepresentasikan seluruh permukaannya. Spesimen kemudian dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok (masing-masing 10 spesimen), yaitu yang tanpa diaplikasikan CPP-ACP, yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP, dan yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP propolis. Spesimen yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP atau CPP-ACP propolis didiamkan selama 30 menit di dalam inkubator. Spesimen kemudian direndam dalam asam laktat pH 5,5 selama 24 jam lalu diuji kekerasan akhirnya.Hasil: Kekerasan awal didapat sebesar 74,51±1,82KHNdan setelah perendaman pada kelompok tanpa diaplikasikan CPP-ACP menjadi 40,82±0,71KHN, kelompok yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP menjadi 57,94±1,40KHN dan kelompok yang diaplikasikan CPP-ACP propolis menjadi 52,01±1,23KHN. Terdapat penurunan bermakna (p<0,05) antara kekerasan sebelum dan setelah perendaman di semua kelompok dan terdapat perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05) pada kekerasan antar kelompok dengan uji One-way ANOVA dan post hoc Tamhane.Kesimpulan: Pengaplikasian CPP-ACP dengan kombinasi propolis pada SIK konvensional menyebabkan penurunan kekerasan permukaan lebih besar dibandingkan dengan yang hanya CPP-ACP.

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Conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) can be decreased in surface hardness at critical pH (5,5) so calcium and phosphate ions, which can be found in CPP-ACP, are needed to prevent it. Research about CPP-ACP were being developed by adding propolis to increase antimicrobial properties. However, study before stated that the addition of propolis into CPP-ACP could be decreasing ions release so probably decreasing its ability to prevent conventional GICs surface hardness reduction. But the effect of CPP-ACP if were added with propolis toward conventional GIC not yet known.

Aims: This study aims to compare the effect of CPP-ACP with and without propolis on conventional GICs surface hardness.

Methods: Thirty specimens of conventional GIC, 6mm in diameter and 3 mm in thick were prepared and saved in incubator for 24 hours. Specimens initial surface hardness were measured by Vickers Micro Hardness Tester with Knoop indenter. Each specimen was indented using 50 g weigh in 15 seconds for five times on different spot to represent all the surface hardness of the specimen and the mean value was calculated. Specimens then divided into three groups (each group contain 10 specimens), which were without CPP-ACP, applicated with CPP-ACP and applicated with CPP-ACP propolis. CPP-ACP or CPP-ACP propolis were applicated to conventional GIC and kept for 30 minutes in incubator. After that, specimens were immersed in lactic acid pH 5,5 for 24 hours and the final surface hardness were tested. The surface hardness values then were analyzed using One Way Anova and Post Hoc Tamhane test.

Result: Initial surface hardness value was 74,51±1,82KHN, and decreased after immersion. The final surface hardness value become 40,82±0, 71KHN on without CPP-ACP group, 57,94±1, 40KHN on with CPP-ACP group, and 52,01±1, 23KHN on with CPP-ACP propolis group. There were statistically significant (p<0.05) in specimens hardness reduction between before and after immersion in all groups and in hardness differences between groups after immersion.

Conclusion: Application of CPP-ACP combined with propolis on conventional GIC caused greater surface hardness reduction compared to CPP-ACP without propolis."

"Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) and Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) are two restorative materials in dentistry that have the capacity of releasing fluoride to saliva, dentino-enamel substance, and the ability to form fluoroapatite crystal. The aim of this study is to compare the amount of fluoride release in saliva and dentino-enamel substance. A total of 48 caries free premolar teeth were prepared to form a cavity with the dimension of 4 X 4 X 2 mm on the buccal surfaces. These teeth were then divided into 3 groups, each containing 16 samples. The first group was determined as the control group, and therefore no restorative material was applied to the teeth in this group; the teeth in the second group were filled with GIC, the third group was filled with RMGIC. These teeth were then soaked in artificial saliva without fluoride content and were incubated at room temperature (37 0Celcius). Each group was divided again into 4 sub groups, each consisting of 4 samples. Each of 4 subgroups received different periods of soaking, namely 1 day, 3 days, 10 days, and 20 days. The fluoride content of saliva was analyzed using ion chromatography, and fluoroapatite on dentino-enamel substance was analyzed using X-Ray Diffraction or XRD. Data obtained from the experiments were analyzed using ANOVA, and the level of significance was set at p ≤ 0,05. There was a significant difference in the analysis of fluoride release in saliva within the 3 groups: GIC, RMGIC, and the control group, and there was no significant difference in the analysis of fluoroapatite formation on dentino-enamel substance within 3 groups. The fluoride content in saliva showed a significant difference within the 3 groups of GIC, RMGIC, and control. No significant difference was found in the fluoroapatite content on dentino-enamel substance."

"The purpose of this study was to determine whether different durations of conditioner application influenced glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin primary teeth. The conditioner being used was 10% poliacrylic acid. Samples in this study were 40 non-carious primary mandibular incisors. Samples were divided into 4 groups (10 samples each) : group A without conditioner, group B with seconds of conditioner application, group C with 20 seconds of conditioner application, and group D with 30 seconds of conditioner application. penetration of glass ionomer cement was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with 2000X magnification. One-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test showed significant difference between groups. Longer conditioner application resulted in longer glass ionomer penetration in dentin of primary teeth."

"The objective of this research was to know the difference between the penetration of glass ionomer cement (Chemflex, Dentsply) in dentin of primary teeth with and without conditioner (10% polyacrylate acid). The primary molar tooth which were observed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). 1000X magnitude was measured for the length of glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin of primary tooth with and without conditioner. The t test showed that there was no significant difference between the length of glass ionomer cement penetration in dentin of primary teeth with and without conditioner (t=1,78; p>0,05)."

"Development of ideal dental materials to replace tooth tissue has been the objective of many researchers and manufacturers. Consequently, a wide range of dental materials with different chemical compositions, properties and recommendations on clinical application has been introduced in dentistry. Conventional glass-ionomers (GIC) were introduced to the dental profession by Wilson and Kent in 1972. The adhesion of these materials to dental tissue and their flouride releasing capacity brought about their use as restoration bases and cement. In 1988, resin-modified glass ionomer cements were developed to improve the high sensitivity to humidity and low mechanical strength of glass-ionomers. The new resin modified glass-ionomer cements have produced materials with superior properties. However, these improvements are as yet insufficient for these materials to complete with resin composites in high stress bearing situations such as incisal tip restorations and posterior occlusal restorations in the permanent dentition."

"The study was a quasi experimental one, supported by microbilogical data. The respondents had been purposively chosen from three Bekasi elementary schools in 2002, with 72 children as treatment group and 72 children as control group. data collected included oral and laboratory examinations. Dental health status of permanent dentition was determined using DMF-T index. The data was collected at the start and 120 days after intervention. Data analysis was by paired t-test for before and after treatment, and by independent t-test for comparing treatment and control. For the average the means 2 samples t-test difference was used, and for the average difference between the same groups the mean one sample t-test was applied. For the nominal scale proportion difference the likelihood ratio test was applied, and for the ordinal scale the nonparametric one-way Anova was used. Simple regression test was used to determine the relation between dependent and independent variables. The results of the study show decrease of S. mutans colonies in saliva after treatment (p= 0,001) and decreasing DMF-T score for treatment group. In control group, there is no decrease in S. mutans colonies, but increasing DMF-T score was found. The conclusion was that glass ionomer cement fillings can inhibit S. mutans growth in saliva."

"The adhesive of composite resin has been used for direct bonding of a bracket system of bracket fixed orthodontic treatment by etching. The disanvantage of etching is enamel loss and difficult procedure. Modified glass ionomer cement has been suggested as a bracket bonding system without etching. The chemical bonding without etching can reduce enamel loss and make the procedure more efficient. The purpose of this study was to determine the shear bond strength of modified glass ionomer cement as metal Begg bracket bonding system with and without etching. The subject of this study consisted of two groups which had 15 intact extracted permanent human upper bicuspids for each group. Group I was etched with ortho phosphate acid (37%) for 20 seconds and bonded with modified glass ionomer cement. Group II was untreated and bonded with the same adhesive. The shear bond strength was measured with Pearson Pankee Equipment, and bond failure location was observed under stereo microscope. To differentiate the effects with and without etching, t test was performed, while to observe the location of bond failures, chi-square test was conducted. The results of this study indicated that the shear bond strength of modified glass ionomer cement as bonding system metal Begg Brackets with etching was significantly higher (p<0.001) than without etching. Without etching, bond failure occured between enamel and bonding agent. With etching, the bond failure was mostly found within the adhesive."