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"Dalam penyembuhan jaringan yang rusak dalam tubuh manusia, sebuah teknik bernama tissue engineering digunakan sebagai “jalur” yang di implantasikan kedalam tubuh sebagai jalur untuk regenerasi. Ini disebut dengan scaffold. Dalam bidang tissue engineering, sebuah metode bernama Organ Printing dikembangkan oleh Dr. Gabor Forgasc. Organ printing adalah sebuah teknik yang dikembangkan untuk mencetak sel baru yang dapat diimplantasikan ke dalam tubuh manusia untuk menggantikan fungsi jaringan organ yang rusak. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mencetak organ dengan material hydrogel gelatin. Sebuah system esktrusi dibuat untuk mencetak scaffold berbahan gelatin. Gelatin yang terekstrusi di karakterisasi dengan mengatur kecepatan dan konsentrasinya. Hasil yang optimal didapat pada kecepatan 800 mm/min dan konsentrasi 25%. Setelah itu, parameter yang optimal tersebut digunakan untuk memfabrikasi scaffold 2 dimensi dengan pola heksagonal dan kuadratik.Lebar garis dan ketebalan yang didapatkan adalah 364 μm dan 8.83 μm.

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In the healing of damaged tissue in humans, a technique called tissue engineering uses a "track" that is implanted in the body as a pathway for regenerating. This “track” is called scaffold. In the field of tissue engineering, a method called Organ Printing was developed by Dr. Gabor Forgasc. Organ printing is a technique that was developed to print new cells that can be implanted inside human body to replace the function of the damaged organ tissue. The main purpose of this research is to print organs with gelatin hydrogel material. An extrusion system is realized to print gelatin scaffold. The extruded gelatin is characterized by modifying its speed and concentration. An optimal result is achieved at the speed of 800 mm/min and 25% concentration. Moreover, the optimal parameter is used to fabricate a 2-dimensional scaffold with hexagonal and quadratic patterns. The line width and thickness that is achieved are 364 !m and 8.83 !m respectively."

"This book about the cell-surface interaction, studying cell-surface interactions In vitro : a survey of experimental approaches and techniques, harnessing cell-biomaterial interactions for obsteochondral tissue regeneration, interaction of cells with decellularized biological materials, evaluation of biocompatibility using In vitro methods : interpretation and limitations, artificial scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells for hard tissues, bioactive glass-based scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, microenvironment design for stem cell fate determination, stem cell differentiation depending on different surfaces, designing the biocompatibility of biohybrids, interaction of cartilage and ceramic matrix, and bioresorption and degradation of biomaterials."

"Inflammatory response is a non-specific response to an injurious stimulus in vascularized tissue. The purpose of this response is to destruct noxious agent, limitation of its spread, and preparation for reconstitution or repair of injured area. Inflammation is classified into acute and chronic types. The classical features of redness, swelling, warmth, pain, and loss of function, all of which reflect the effects of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators on the local blood vessels in acute inflammation. The cellular response is mainly of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Furthermore, chronic inflammation, in contrast to acute inflammation is of long duration and consists of primarily of mononuclear cells-macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. A proliferation of blood vessels also occurs. There is also associated collagen production by fibroblasts resulting fibrosis. Cytokines secreted by machrophages, play prominent roles in inflammation. However, other soluble factors, such as vasoactive amines, lipid mediators, complement fragments C5a, C3a, and C4a, prostacyclin, and nitric oxide are also major players in inflammation. The inflammatory reactions in the mouth and teeth are identical to inflammatory reactions anywhere else in the body. Such as pulpitis is similar to inflammation in other connective tissues anywhere in the body."

"Resin kompositterus dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan performa estetiknya. Resin komposit terbaru yaitu nanofiller dan nanohybrid yang masih diperdebatkan ketahanannya terhadap zat warna minuman kopi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan perubahan warna permukaan resin komposit nanofiller dan nanohybrid setelah perendaman kopi. Terdapat 36 sampel yang dibagi dalam 6 kelompok dengan ukuran diameter 6 mm, tebal 3 mm. Pengukuran warna menggunakan vita easyshade classic yang diurutkan berdasarkan value. Hasil data dianalisis menggunakan Wilcoxon Test dan Mann-Whitney Test. Didapatkan Perubahan warna pada nanohybrid lebih sedikit dibandingkan pada nanofiller dan secara statistik berbeda bermakna (p<0,05). Sehingga nanohybrid memiliki ketahanan terhadap zat warna yang lebih baik daripada nanofiller.

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Resin composites continue developed to improve aesthetic performance. The newest composite resin are nanofiller and nanohybrid where color resistance to coffee drinks still debating. The aim of this study is to compare surface discoloration nanofiller and nanohybrid resin composites after immersion coffee. There are 36 samples were divided into 6 groups with a diameter of 6 mm, thickness 3 mm. Color measurements using vita easyshade classic that is sorted by value.Results data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney Test. Changes in color on nanohybrid lower than the nanofiller and statistically significant (p<0.05). Therefore nanohybrid has resistance to color better than nanofiller."

"This book focuses on the mechanobiological principles in tissue engineering with a particular emphasis on the multiscale aspects of the translation of mechanical forces from bioreactors down to the cellular level. The book contributes to a better understanding of the design and use of bioreactors for tissue engineering and the use of mechanical loading to optimize in vitro cell culture conditions. It covers experimental and computational approaches and the combination of both to show the benefits that computational modelling can bring to experimentalists when studying in vitro cell culture within a scaffold. With topics from multidisciplinary fields of the life sciences, medicine, and engineering, this work provides a novel approach to the use of engineering tools for the optimization of biological processes and its application to regenerative medicine. The volume is a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students studying mechanobiology and tissue engineering. For undergraduate students it also provides deep insight into tissue engineering and its use in the design of bioreactors. The book is supplemented with extensive references for all chapters to help the reader to progress through the study of each topic."

"Osteoartritis merupakan penyakit kronis yang ditandai dengan kemunduran tulang rawan dan menyebabkan kekakuan, nyeri, dan gangguan pergerakan. Strategi rekayasa jaringan tulang menggunakan perancah dapat menjadi alternatif yang menjanjikan untuk regenerasi jaringan tulang yang rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk fabrikasi dan karakterisasi perancah dengan material chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxyapatite (Hap) dengan kombinasi penambahan graphite (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), dan multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNCT) untuk aplikasi rekayasa jaringan tulang. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan sintesis GO dan fungsionalisasi kimia dari material Gr dan MWNCT. Fabrikasi perancah dilakukan dengan metode freeze drying. Seluruh kelompok perancah dilakukan karakterisasi SEM dan FTIR, uji tekan dan porositas, uji swelling, wettability, dan laju degradasi. Fabrikasi perancah dibagi menjadi empat kelompok yaitu CS/HA/HAp, CS/HA/HAp/GO, CS/HA/HAp/f-Gr, dan CS/HA/HAp/f-MWNCT dengan ukuran diameter 1 cm, tinggi 1,5 cm, dan luas permukaan luas permukaan 4,71-6,28 cm2. Keseluruhan perancah memiliki ukuran pori yang bervariasi dan terdistribusi pada permukaan. Berdasarkan hasil FTIR, perancah mengandung gugus fungsi O-H, C=O, C-O-C, amida I, amida II, dan fosfat (PO43-). Pada uji kekuatan tekan, keseluruhan perancah memiliki CS/HA/HAp memiliki kekuatan tekan dan young modulus yang serupa dengan cancellous bone sebesar 5,76-6,14 MPa dan 3,95-471 MPa. Perancah memiliki laju porositas dengan rentang 13,8- 86,6%. Perancah memiliki kemampuan wettabiliy yang baik dengan rentang persentase 726-1069%. Rasio swelling perancah berada pada rentang 25,2-39,3%. Laju degradasi perancah cukup terkontrol dengan rentang 16,7-35,5%. Berdasarkan seluruh hasil karakterisitik, perancah CS/HA/HAp dengan penambahan GO merupakan kandidat terkuat sebagai perancah ideal pada penelitian ini. Perancah GO mempunyai karakteristik yang berada diantara perancah kontrol dan perancah f-MWNCT/f-Gr.

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Osteoarthritis is a chronic disease characterized by the deterioration of cartilage and causes stiffness, pain, and impaired movement. The bone tissue engineering strategy using scaffolds can be a promising alternative for the regeneration of damaged bone tissue. This study aims to fabricate and characterize scaffolds with chitosan (CS), hyaluronic acid (HA), hydroxyapatite (Hap) with a combination of addition of graphite (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNCT) for tissue engineering applications. In this study, GO synthesis and chemical functionalization of Gr and MWNCT materials were carried out. Scaffolding was done by freeze drying method. All groups of scaffolds were characterized by SEM and FTIR, compressive and porosity tests, swelling, wettability, and rate of degradation tests. Scaffolding was divided into four groups, namely CS/HA/HAp, CS/HA/HAp/GO, CS/HA/HAp/f-Gr, and CS/HA/HAp/f-MWNCT with a diameter of 1 cm, height 1, 5 cm, and a surface area of ​​4.71-6.28 cm2. The entire scaffold has varying pore sizes and is distributed over the surface. Based on the results of FTIR, the scaffold contains functional groups O-H, C=O, C-O-C, amide I, amide II, and phosphate (PO43-). In the compressive strength test, all scaffolds having CS/HA/HAp had similar compressive strength and young modulus with cancellous bone of 5.76-6.14 MPa and 3.95-471 MPa. Scaffolds have porosity rates in the range of 13.8-86.6%. Scaffolds have good wetability with a percentage range of 726-1069%. The swelling ratio of the scaffolds was in the range of 25.2-39.3%. The rate of degradation of the scaffold was quite controlled with a range of 16.7-35.5%. Based on all the characteristic results, the CS/HA/HAp scaffold with the addition of GO was the strongest candidate as the ideal scaffold in this study. The GO scaffold has characteristics that are between the control scaffold and the f-MWNCT/f-Gr scaffold."

"Pendahuluan: Proses degeneratif yaitu berkurangnya kemampuan sel dalam menjalankan fungsi dan kematian sel karena metabolisme tubuh yang lemah. Penyakit degeneratif terjadi pada usia manula 50 tahun. Salah satu penyakit degeneratif adalah ostearthiritis, osteoarthritis menduduki 10 besar penyebab disabilitas yang disebabkan oleh degeneratif. Kejadian osteoarthritis pada tahun 2050 meningkat 20% diseluruh dunia tidak terkecuali Indonesia mengalami kenaikan 5% pada kurun beberapa tahun. Osteoarthritis merupakan kerusakan sendi yang terjadi penuaan dikarenakan kurangnya produksi kolagen yang sulit beregenerasi, kerusakan terjadi pada jaringan osteochondral yaitu jaringan pada sendi dan pada ujung tulang yang dilapisi oleh kartilago artikular. Jaringan kartilago artikular memiliki kekurangan meregenerasi yaitu sulit memperbaiki jaringan apabila terjadi kerusakan. Metode rekayasa jaringan memberikan pilihan terbaik dengan menggunakan mesenchymal stem cells, scaffold dan senyawa kimia signaling untuk mengembalikan kerusakan tersebut. Tujuan: Fabrikasi scaffold graphene oxide/hyaluronate/fibrin yang dapat menginduksi osteogenesis pada perbaikan rekayasa jaringan osteochondral dengan mengkarakterisasi sifat scaffold dengan parameter uji fisika, kimia, dan biologi. Metode: Sintesis kimia; fabrikasi scaffold metode freeze driying; karakterisasi SEM dan FTIR; uji tekan dan porositas; uji swelling, wettability, dan laju degradasi; uji biokompabilitas (viabilitas sel kualitatif dan kuantitatif (MTS assay); uji diferensiasi sel (pewarnaan alizarin red); dan analisis statistik. Hasil: Fabrikasi scaffold dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok GO, GOHA, dan GOHAF dengan metode freeze drying diameter 1 cm dan luas permukaan 4,17 cm2. Karakterisasi uji SEM rentang ukuran pori sebesar 20 – 200 mm. Pada scaffold GO 100 – 250 mm, GOHA 80 – 200 mm, dan GOHAF 20 – 150 mm. FTIR scaffold GO terdapat gugus O-H, C=O, C=C, C-OH, dan C-H; pada scaffold GOHA terdapat gugus O-H, C=O, C=C, C-OH, C-H, dan amida II; pada scaffold GOHAF terdapat gugus O-H, C=O, C=C, C-OH, C-H, amida II dan amida I. Uji mekanik tekan pada kekerasan tekan scaffold GO sebesar 294 KPa, GOHA dan GOHAF sebesar 194 KPa. Sedangkan pada Young’s Modulus GO 0.09 MPa lebih kecil dibandingkan GOHA 0.11 MPa, dan GOHAF 0.10 MPa. Laju porositas pada GO lebih besar yaitu berturut-turut H+1 sebesar 77%, H+3 sebesar 67%, dan H+5 sebesar 61%; scaffold GOHA lebih rendah yaitu H+1 sebesar 41%, H+3 sebesar 30%, dan H+5 sebesar 18%; scaffold GOHAF lebih rendah H+1 sebesar 37%, H+3 sebesar 24%, dan H+5 sebesar 11%. Rasio swelling terbaik yaitu pada scaffold GOHAF lebih rendah 8,48%. Kapasitas wettability terbaik yaitu pada scaffold GOHAF lebih rendah 28%. Rasio laju degradasi terbaik yaitu pada scaffold GOHAF lebih rendah 0.30%. Persentase viabilitas sel kualitatif (direct) terbaik yaitu scaffold GOHAF sebesar 75% dan persentase viabilitas sel kualitatif (indirect) terbaik yaitu scaffold GOHAF sebesar 109% pada perendaman 48 jam dan 72 jam dengan nilai absorbansi 0,72 OD. Uji diferensiasi sel osteogenik yang terbaik yaitu pada scaffold GOHAF sebesar 905% terdiferensiasi menjadi sel osteogenik dengan absorbansi 0,0915 OD. Terdapat pengaruh komposisi scaffold graphene oxide/hyaluronate/fibrin (GOHAF) terhadap jumlah induksi osteogenesis atau terdiferensiasi menjadi sel osteogenik dengan hasil uji statistik signifikasi p value <0,05.

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Introduction: The degenerative processes, namely the reduced ability of cells to carry out functions and cell death due to weak metabolism. Degenerative diseases occur in seniors aged 50 years. One of the degenerative diseases is osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis occupies the top 10 causes of disability caused by degenerative. The incidence of osteoarthritis in 2050 increases by 20% worldwide, including Indonesia, which has increased by 5% in several years. Osteoarthritis is joint damage that occurs with aging due to a lack of collagen production, which is difficult to regenerate, damage occurs in osteochondral tissue, namely the tissue in the joints and at the ends of bones covered by articular cartilage. The articular cartilage tissue has the disadvantage of regenerating that it is difficult to repair the tissue if there is damage. The tissue engineering method provides the best choice by using mesenchymal stem cells, scaffold, and chemical signaling compounds to reverse the damage.

Objective: Fabrication of graphene oxide/hyaluronate/fibrin scaffold for induced osteogenesis in osteochondral tissue engineering repair.

Methods: Chemical synthesis; scaffold fabrication freeze driying method; SEM and FTIR characterization; compressive and porosity test; swelling, wettability, and degradation rate tests; biocompatibility test (qualitative and quantitative cell viability (MTS assay)); cell differentiation test (alizarin red stain); and statistical analysis.

Result: Scaffold fabrication was divided into three groups GO, GOHA, and GOHAF by a freeze-drying method with a diameter of 1 cm and a surface area of ​​4.17 cm2. Characterization of SEM test pore size ranges of 20-200 m. The scaffold is GO 100 - 250 m, GOHA 80 - 200 m, and GOHAF 20 - 150 m. FTIR scaffold GO contains O-H, C = O, C = C, C-OH, and C-H groups; on the GOHA scaffold there are O-H, C = O, C = C, C-OH, C-H, and amide II groups; on the GOHAF scaffold, there are groups of O-H, C = O, C = C, C-OH, C-H, amide II and amide I. The compressive mechanical test on the compressive hardness of the GO scaffold is 294 KPa, GOHA and GOHAF are 194 KPa. Whereas in Young's Modulus GO 0.09 MPa is smaller than GOHA 0.11 MPa, and GOHAF 0.10 MPa. The porosity rate in GO was greater in H + 1 of 77%, H + 3 of 67%, and H + 5 of 61%; than GOHA scaffold was lower in H + 1 by 41%, H + 3 by 30%, and H + 5 by 18%; than GOHAF scaffold was lower in H + 1 by 37%, H + 3 by 24%, and H + 5 by 11%. The best swelling ratio is the GOHAF scaffold which is 8.48%. The best wettability capacity is the GOHAF scaffold, which is 28%. The best degradation rate ratio is the GOHAF scaffold which is 0.30%. The best qualitative (direct) cell viability percentage was 75% GOHAF scaffold and the best qualitative (indirect) cell viability percentage was 109% GOHAF scaffold immersion for 48 hours and 72 hours with an absorbance value of 0.72 OD. The best osteogenic cell differentiation test is the GOHAF scaffold, which is 905% differentiated into osteogenic cells with an absorbance of 0.0915 OD. There is an effect on the composition of the scaffold graphene oxide/hyaluronate/fibrin (GOHAF) in the amount of osteogenesis induction or differentiation into osteogenic cells with statistical test results of significance p-value <0.05."

"Kitosan dan deksametason merupakan material yang digunakan dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang. Kitosan biasa digunakan sebagai scaffold, sedangkan deksametason sering digunakan sebagai sinyal. Salah satu penanda diferensiasi osteoblas adalah Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efek kitosan dibandingkan deksametason dalam menginduksi diferensiasi osteoblas melalui aktivitas ALP pada sel punca pulpa gigi (SPPG). Aktivitas ALP dianalisis dengan ALP assay. Terdapat 4 perlakuan yang memiliki aktivitas ALP diatas kontrol, yakni kitosan 5 ng/ml, deksametason 10 nM dan 100 nM, serta campuran kitosan 5 ng/ml dan deksametason 10 nM. Peningkatan konsentrasi deksametason meningkatkan aktivitas ALP. Peningkatan konsentrasi kitosan menurunkan aktivitas ALP.

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Chitosan and dexamethasone are materials that can be used in bone tissue engineering. Chitosan is often used as a scaffold, while dexamethasone is often used as signal. One of the markers of osteoblast differentiation is Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). This research objective is to analyse the effects of chitosan compared to dexamethasone in inducing osteoblast differentiation through ALP activity in Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs). ALP activity determined by ALP Assay. There were four treatments that have higher activity than the control, they are chitosan 5 ng/ml, 10 nM dexamethasone and 100 nM, and mixture of chitosan 5 ng/ml and 10 nM dexamethasone. The increased concentrations of dexamethasone increases ALP activity and the higher concentration of chitosan will decrease the ALP activity."