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"Perubahan terhadap Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 didasarkan pada ketentuan Pasal 37 sebagai bentuk pembatasan terhadap prosedur perubahan sedangkan menyangkut pembatasan substansi materi muatan terlihat belum diakomodasi dengan baik. Konstitusi Republik Indonesia baik dalam pelaksanaan maupun perubahannya menunjukkan diperlukannya urgensi pembatasan materi muatan. Dalam perubahan pertama hingga keempat masih belum maksimal dalam menerapkan paradigma serta hakikat dari konstitusi itu sendiri. Hal ini terlihat dari beberapa ketentuan perubahan yang dilakukan belum menunjukkan pelaksanaan prinsip konstituen rakyat secara konsisten yang diwarnai dengan kepentingan politik jangka pendek, perdebatan mengenai bentuk perubahan, dan kepentingan mengubah prinsip fundamental yang terdapat dalam Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Pendekatan perbandingan konstitusi pada beberapa negara lain diperlukan sebagai salah satu sumber referensi sehingga diperoleh pengaturan yang sesuai dengan nilai yang hidup dalam masyarakat (living constitution) sehingga perubahan materi muatan yang tidak seharusnya dapat dikurangi di masa mendatang. Pembatasan secara substantive unamendabillity expilicit dipandang efektif namun terlihat masih minim dalam penerapannya yaitu hanya terdapat dalam ketentuan Pasal 37 ayat (5) terhadap bentuk negara kesatuan tidak dapat diubah. Lebih dari itu beberapa prinsip yang menjamin tegaknya konstitusionalisme yaitu prinsip kedaulatan rakyat, prinsip demokrasi dan prinsip negara hukum harus tetap diperhatikan dalam perubahan Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945.

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Amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia are based on the provisions of Article 37 as a form of procedural limitation of changes, while restrictions on the substance of the material content have not been accommodated properly. This can be seen from several provisions resulting from the amendments that have not shown the implementation of the principle of the people's constituents consistently, which are colored by short-term political interests, debates on the form of change, and interests in changing the basic principles contained in the constitution. Comparison of constitutions in several other countries is needed as a reference so that regulations are obtained that are in accordance with the values ​​that live in society (living constitution). Substantive unamendability explicit is considered effective but is still minimal in its application. Article 37 paragraph (5) is the only form of explicit substantive unamendability limitation, namely that the form of a unitary state cannot be changed. However, more than that, several principles that guarantee the upholding of constitutionalism, namely the principle of people's sovereignty, the principle of democracy and the principle of the rule of law, must still be considered in the amendments to the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia."

"This study seeks to explain the process of Audit Board article amendment in the constitutional reform as the source of current BPK’s performance, by answering questions: how much do informal networks influence constitutional maker’s decision and to what extent do the external pressures influence the informal networks on the amendment of Audit Board article? This study used a quantitative method to develop variables of social networks in examining how much informal networks based on ideational informal networks influence constitutional makers’ voting between 1999 and 2001 in six meetings which contained voting out of 39 meetings of the Audit Board article amendment. Illustrating statistically significant results of the influence of ideational informal networks on the constitutional makers’ decisions and the influence of high political effect (president’s preference) and strong party pressure on the ideational informal networks, this study shows that “the progressive liberal bloc” which can enforce constitutional reform – particularly Audit Board article though not full-scale reform – within the “ineffective formal institution” as it happened in transition era, has shown how informality’s outcome is in line with formality’s outcome, so it causes improved performance of Audit Board today. Because the statistical evidence talks to broader topics about the people representative bodies and governance, this study suggests paying more attention to the factors of constitutional makers’ networks, on and off the meetings of constitutional reform."

"Penelitian ini membahas Dinamika Dukungan Partai Politik dalam Proses Pengajuan Usul Amandemen Kelima UUD 1945 Tahun 2007. Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah terbatasnya fungsi legislasi DPD dalam proses pembentukan undang-undang mendorong DPD mengajukan usul amandemen kelima pasal 22D UUD 1945 Tahun 2007. Namun dalam upaya pengajuan usul amandemen kelima terjadi proses tarik menarik kepentingan di parpol yang mengakibatkan terjadinya dinamika politik yang kuat, sehingga berimplikasi terhadap perubahan sikap parpol yang awalnya mendukung kemudian mencabut dukungan yang sudah ditandatangani, akibatnya DPD gagal dalam memperkuat kewenangannya. Pisau analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori elite dari Gaetano Mosca Suzanne Keller, oligarki dari Robert Michell, bikameral dari Kevin Evans, Samuel C. Patterson, Antony Mughan dan komunikasi politik dari Lucian Pye. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan sumber data primer dan sekunder. Sumber primer diperoleh melalui wawancara. Sementara sumber sekunder diperoleh dari media massa dan kajian pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyebab kegagalan DPD dalam memperkuat wewenangnya melalui proses pengajuan usul amandemen kelima pasal 22D UUD 1945 Tahun 2007, adalah disebabkan faktor internal yang meliputi penguatan DPD tanpa alternatif, konsepsi dan mekanisme yang ditawarkan DPD tidak jelas, belum ada momentum, naskah akademik tidak komprehensif, lemahnya komunikasi dan lobi politik DPD, dan lemahnya pembentukan wacana publik. Faktor eksternal yaitu; memperlama proses legislasi, kekhawatiran merembes ke pasal lain, memo Amien Rais, lamanya batas waktu dan dan sulitnya syarat pengajuan dan tidak mendapat dukungan presiden SBY.Temuan dalam penelitian yaitu; [1] lemahnya fungsi legislasi DPD menjadikan demokratisasi belum bisa berjalan dengan baik; [2] SBY dan Amien Rais menjadi elite penentu sehingga DPD RI gagal dalam penguatan fungsi legislasinya; [3] tejadinya perubahan sikap politik Golkar dan PKB. Implikasi teoritis untuk teori elite Mosca, Keller terbukti dalam penelitian ini yaitu adanya alite penentu seperti Presiden SBY dan Amien Rais. Teori oligarki Robert Michell terbukti dalam memo yang diwakili Amien Rais. Teori Bikameral Samuel C. Patterson dan Antony Mughan, satu kriteria terpenuhi dan dianggap terkonfirmasi. Empat kriteria bikameral Kevin Evans hanya satu terkonfirmasi tiga tidak ditemukan dalam sistem bikameral Indonesia. Teori komunikasi politik Lucian Pye juga terbukti dalam penelitian ini.

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This study discusses The Dynamics of Political Party Support in The Proposal Submission Process Fifth Amandment of UUD 1945 of 2007. The background of this research is limited function of DPD legislative in the process of forming laws encourage DPD proposed of the fifth amendment of article 22D UUD 1945 of 2007. But in an effort fifth amendment proposal submission process, the political pull of interests resulting in a strong political dynamics, so that the implications of the change in the attitude of political parties initially supported then revoke the signed. DPD failed to strengthen its authority.

Tools analysis of this research is elite theory from Gaetano Mosca, Suzanne Keller, oligarchy theory form Robert Michell, bicameral system from Kevin Evans, Samuel C. Patterson, Anthony Mughan and theory of political communication from Lucian Pye. T his research used qualitative methods with primary and secondary data sources. Primary sources obtained through interviews. While secondary sources obtained from the mass media and literature.

The results of this research show that the cause of the failure of DPD to strengthen its authority through the process of submitting a proposal of the fifth amendment of article 22D UUD 1945 of 2007, is due to internal factors which include strengthening the DPD with no alternative, the conception and the mechanisms offered by the DPD is not clear, there is no momentum, an academic proposal is not comprehensive, poor communications and political lobbying, and the lack of formation of public discourse. External factors, namely; prolong the legislative process, concern seeping into other articles, memos Amien Rais, the length and difficulty of deadlines and filing requirements and do not support the president SBY. The results of this research, as a summary: [1] the weakness of the legislative function DPD makes democratization can not walk well, [2] SBY and Amien Rais become elite critical that the DPD failed to gain legislative functions; [3] change in political attitudes Golkar and PKB.

Theoretical implications of this research for elite theory Mosca, Keller proved in this study are the determinants elite like as President SBY and Amien Rais. Robert Michell oligarchy theory represented proven in memo Amien Rais. Bicameral system Samuel C. Patterson and Anthony Mughan, the criteria are considered confirmed. Four criteria bicameral system Kevin Evans is only one confirmed. The other three criteria are not found in Indonesia bicameral system. Lucian Pye theory of political communication is also evident in this study."