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"The 1997-1999 currency crises series was a major shock to Indonesian economy. The crises had damaged Indonesian economy, since economic growth declined sharply and Indonesian banking system was in collapse. Should the monetary authority and business practitioners anticipated the currency crises, the social loss caused by it could be reduced. Learning from past mistakes, an early warning system to predict the possibility of currency crises occurrence in the near future is needed.This study applies the leading indicator approach to construct early warning system of currency crisis for Indonesia, both by using individual and composite leading indicators. A currency crises in this study is defined as any observation of exchange market pressure {EMI') over EMPs mean plus one time of EMPs standard deviation. Meanwhile, the threshold level for indicator's signal issuance is set to leave 20% best observations. Each indicator's performance is measured by using three criteria: (I) percentage of correctly called crises; (2) adjusted noise to signal ratio; and (3) probability of crisis following a signal.Results from this study show that there are five best individual indicators that can fulfil all of the criteria: (1) Rupiah REER misalignment over its trend value; (2) Deposit Money Banks' foreign assets growth; (3) financial account surplus; (4) base money growth; and (5) financial account surplus to GDP ratio. From the best individual indicators, 17 best composite indicators can be constructed. The first best composite indicator is the "VW', which is a direct combination of "Rupiah REER misalignment over its trend" and "Deposit Money Banks' foreign assets growth"."

"Drawing on a mix of economic history, network science, and sociology, "Currency Wars" provides a rich understanding of the increasing threats to U.S. national security, from dollar devaluation to collapse in the European periphery, failed states in Africa, Chinese neomercantilism, Russian adventurism, and the current scramble for gold."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa efek perang nilai tukar secara keseluruhan di negara - negara berkembang melalui survei studi. Studi ini juga menginvestigasi efek devaluasi dalam jangka pendek terhadap neraca perdagangan secara empiris. Model regresi digunakan dalam menganalisa hubungan antara nilai tukar dan neraca perdagangan untuk membuktikan hipotesa Kurva J dengan menggunakan  panel data dari 8 negara - negara berkembang dalam periode 2000 - 2016. Negara - negara tersebut yang terdiri dari Venezuela, Brazil, China, Iran, Congo, Malaysia, Philippines, and Uruguay diklasifikasikan berdasarkan rezim nilai tukar. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa efek jangka pendek devaluasi berdampak buruk terhadap neraca perdagangan disebabkan oleh tingginya ketergantungan imported inputs dalam produksi barang ekspor pada negara - negara berkembang.

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This paper presents a survey study reviewing the overall effects of currency wars in developing countries. The study also investigates the short run effects of devaluation on trade balance particularly in an empirical study. A regression model is established to analyse the relationship between exchange rates and the trade balance in verifying the J-curve hypothesis by using a panel data of eight developing countries for the period 2000 - 2016. These countries, which consist of Venezuela, Brazil, China, Iran, Congo, Malaysia, Philippines, and Uruguay, are classified based on their exchange rate regimes. The findings indicate that the short run effects of devaluation lead to a worsening in trade balance due to most of developing countries are highly dependence on imported inputs in their production of exports."

"Here James Rickards explores the future of the international monetary system. In the last hundred years, the international financial system, the foundation for all global transactions, has collapsed three times - and it seems history is doomed to repeat itself. Rickards argues that 'money' and 'wealth' are very different things and while wealth relates to real assets, irresponsible governments and banks have spent decades abstracting and manipulating the definition of 'money' to suit their own ends"