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"Latar belakang: Kanker payudara adalah penyebab utama kematian akibat kanker pada wanita di seluruh dunia. Pengobatan kanker payudara saat ini sangat ditentukan reseptor hormon atau variabel klinikopatologis. Marker terkait invasi dan metastasis masih sangat dibutuhkan untuk mengembangkan biomarker baru dan strategi terapi untuk menangani kanker payudara. Diperlukan pembuktian zat bioaktif baru seperti lunasin untuk strategi yang menguntungkan terapi dan prognosis pasien kanker payudara. β-catenin adalah perantara jalur pensinyalan penting yang dapat menjadi penanda dari kanker payudara. Belum terdapat penelitian terhadap pengaruh pemberian lunasin pada ekspresi β-cateninpada kanker payudara. Metode: Penelitian ini berupa eksperimental in vivo yang dilakukan pada tikus Sprague-Dawley (SD). Terdapat 5 kelompok berbeda, semua tikus diberikan DMBA (20mg/kgBB) untuk menginduksi kanker payudara kecuali kelompok normal. (1) Kelompok (DMBA) hanya diberikan DMBA; (2) Kelompok (TAM) diberikan tamoksifen (10 mg/kgBB); (3) kelompok (ET Lun), diberikan ekstrak lunasin (500 mg/kgBB); dan (4) adjuvan, diberikan tamoksifen (10 mg/kgBB) dan ekstrak lunasin (500 mg/kgBB); (5) kelompok (NOR) tanpa DMBA dan perlakuan. Setelah terminasi, preparat histopatologi jaringan payudara sampel diberikan pewarnaan HE dan IHK. Histoscore digunakan untuk menilai tingkat ekspresi β-catenin. Setelah itu dilanjutkan dengan analisis data. Hasil: Hasil ekspresi β-catenin kelompok normal (NOR) = 138.52±8,78 ; (DMBA) = 187,30±9,70 ; Tamoxifen (TAM) = 166,14±5,60 ; Ekstrak Lunasin (ET-Lun) = 174,42±4,01 ; dan adjuvan (ADJ) = 150,65±6,44. Analisis data menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antar kelompok kecuali antara kelompok (TAM) dengan kelo(ET Lun). Kesimpulan: Pemberian ekstrak lunasin dari kedelai dapat menurunkan ekspresi β-catenin pada jaringan kanker payudara tikus SD yang diinduksi DMBA.......Introduction: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Current breast cancer treatment is largely determined by hormonal receptors or by clinicopathological variables. Markers related to invasion and metastasis are still urgently needed to develop new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies to treat breast cancer. Verification of new biomarkers such as lunasin is needed to create strategies that will benefit therapy and prognosis of breast cancer patients. β-catenin is an important intermediate in several important signalling pathways which can be a marker for breast cancer. To date, there is no studies about the effect of lunasin on β-catenin expression in rats with breast cancer. Method: This study is an in vivo experiment conducted on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. There are 5 different groups where all were given DMBA (20mg/kgBW) for breast cancer induction except for the normal group. Group (1) DMBA was given only DMBA; (2) Tamoxifen (TAM) were given DMBA and tamoxifen (10 mg/kgBW); (3) Extract Lunasin (ET-Lun), administration of lunasin extract (500 mg/kgBW); and (4) Adjuvant, were given tamoxifen (10 mg/kgBW) and lunasin extract (500 mg/kgBW). Group (5) the normal group who was not given DMBA and treatment. After termination, histopathological preparations of breast tissue were then stained with HE and IHK. The histoscore was used to assess the expression level of β-catenin. Data analysis was continued afterwards. Result: The expression of normal group -catenin (NOR) = 138.52±8.78 ; (DMBA) = 187.30±9.70 ; Tamoxifen (TAM) = 166.14±5.60 ; Ekstrak Lunasin (ET-Lun) = 174.42±4.01 ; and adjuvants (ADJ) = 150.65±6.44. Data analysis showed significant differences in all between groups except between the positive control group and the curative group. Conclusion Administration of a targeted extract of lunasin from soybeans can reduce the expression of β-catenin in breast cancer tissue of SD rats induced by DMBA."

"ABSTRAKβ-catenin merupakan protein yang memiliki peran penting dalamadhesi antar sel dan transduksi sinyal. Pada keadaan tanpa stimulasi β-catenin hanyatampak pada membran sel, namun bila terdapat stimulasi maka β-catenin akantampak pada sitoplasma dan inti. Perubahan ekspresi β-catenin diketahuiberhubungan dengan progresivitas dan metastasis pada berbagai penyakit keganasanmanusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi ekspresi β-catenin di daerahperitumor pada karsinoma sel skuamosa oral (KSSO) derajat rendah dan tinggiberdasarkan sistem grading Bryne.Bahan dan Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada 20 kasus KSSO derajat rendah dan20 kasus derajat tinggi. Pewarnaan imunohistokimia β-catenin digunakan untukmenilai perbedaan yang tampak pada membran, sitoplasma, dan inti sel tumor padaarea peritumor.Hasil: Ekspresi β-catenin pada membran, sitoplasma, maupun inti sel tumormemiliki perbedaan yang bermakna antara KSSO derajat rendah dan derajat tinggi(p=0,000; p=0,005; dan p=0,035). Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antaraekspresi β-catenin dengan variabel umur, jenis kelamin, maupun lokasi tumor.Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan ekspresi β-catenin di daerah peritumor antaraKSSO derajat rendah dan derajat tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi β-catenin yang salah menyebabkan perubahan morfologi sel-sel KSSO ke arah yanglebih ganas dan prognosis yang lebih buruk.

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ABSTRACTβ-catenin is an important protein in cellular adhesion and signaltransduction. In unstimulated condition, β-catenin only appears on the cellularmembrane. Altered expression of β-catenin has been associated with progressivenessand metastatic process of malignancy in human. The aim of this study was toevaluate the expression of β-catenin on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) andalso to assess its different expression in low grade and high grade lesions based onBryne grading system.Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 2 groups of OSCC whichincluded 20 cases of low grade and 20 cases of high grade. Immunohistochemistrystaining of β-catenin was used to identify the difference of its expression in cellmembrane, cytoplasm, and nuclei on invasive tumor front.Results: The expression of β-catenin on cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleishowed significant difference between low and high grade OSCC (p=0.000;p=0.005; and p=0.035, respectively). There has not been any significant associationbetween β-catenin expression with age, sex, and tumor location.Conclusion: Oral squamous cell carcinoma, both low and high grade, showedsignificant differences in β-catenin expression in cell membrane, cytoplasm, andnuclei. Thus, it showed that the altered expression of β-catenin could change theOSCC to become more aggresive and have a poorer prognosis."

"Klofazimin diketahui mampu menekan pertumbuhan tumor baik secara in vitro maupun in vivo, sehingga merupakan kandidat antikanker yang cukup potensial. Namun, hingga saat ini mekanisme klofazimin secara molekuler dalam menghambat kanker belum sepenuhnya diketahui. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis efek molekular klofazimin pada kolitis terkait kanker usus besar yang diamati pada jalur pensinyalan wnt/β-catenin. Penelitian ini menggunakan mencit jantan galur Balb/c (n=36 ekor) yang secara acak dibagi dalam kelompok: Kontrol normal, kontrol negatif, kelompok kuratif (dosis 0.2, 0.4, dan 0.8 mg/20g BB) dan kelompok preventif dosis 0.4 mg/20g BB. Induksi kolitis terkait kanker menggunakan kombinasi dua senyawa kimia Azoxymethane dan Dextran Sodium Sulfate (AOM/DSS). Mekanisme molekuler Klofazimin diamati dengan memeriksa ekspresi caspase-3 dan IL-1β menggunakan metode sandwich ELISA, β-catenin dan Axin-2 menggunakan metode Imunohistokimia, serta pemeriksaan histologi jaringan usus besar menggunakan pulasan H&E. Hasil analisis ELISA menunjukkan bahwa hewan yang diperlakukan dengan klofazimin dosis kuratif 0.8 mg/20g BB dapat memiliki ekspresi IL-1β yang lebih rendah, β-catenin, axin-2, dan Caspase-3 yang lebih tinggi dibanding hewan yang hanya diinduksi AOM/DSS. Kesimpulannya adalah klofazimin berpotensi untuk menghambat pertumbuhan kolitis terkait usus besar pada dosis kuratif 0.8 mg/20g BB.......Clofazimine is known to be able to suppress tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo, making it a potential anticancer candidate. However, until now the molecular mechanism of clofazimine in inhibiting cancer is not fully known. This study aims to analyze the molecular effect of clofazimine on colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC) observed in the wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. This study used male mice strain Balb/c (n = 36 individuals) who were randomly divided into groups: normal control, negative control, curative group (dose 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/20g BW), and preventive group dose 0.4 mg/d 20g BB. Induction of colitis-related colon cancer using a combination of two chemical compounds Azoxymethane and Dextran Sodium Sulfate (AOM/DSS). The molecular mechanism of clofazimine was observed by examining the expression of caspase-3 and IL-1β using the sandwich ELISA method, β-catenin and Axin-2 using the immunohistochemical method, as well as histological examination of colon tissue using H&E staining. The results of the ELISA analysis showed that animals treated with a curative dose of clofazimine 0.8 mg/20g BW had lower expression of IL-1β, β-catenin, axin-2, and Caspase-3 than animals induced by AOM/DSS. The conclusion is that clofazimine has the potential to inhibit the growth of colitis associated with the large intestine at a curative dose of 0.8 mg/20g BW."

"Pendahuluan: Kanker kolorektal adalah penyakit ganas tersering pada saluran pencernaan. Di Indonesia kanker kolorektal menempati urutan ketiga terbanyak dengan insidensi kasus sekitar 18 per 100.000 penduduk. Ekspresi berlebih β-catenin dan penyimpangan jalur persinyalan β-catenin berkorelasi dengan prognosis yang buruk pada penderita kanker kolorektal. Terapi kanker kolorektal yang dikembangkan saat ini adalah terapi target spesifik yaitu EGFR dan VEGF. Namun, pemberian terapi target spesifik menimbulkan berbagai efek samping seperti ruam, gatal, kulit kering, hidung berdarah, hipertensi, perforasi usus dan gangguan ginjal. Delima (punica granatum) adalah tanamann herbal yang diketahui memiliki sifat antioksidan dan anti-inflamasi. Efek delima sebagai antikanker telah diuji, namun penelitian mengenai biji delima terhadap kanker masih minim. Metode: Ekstrak etanol biji delima (Punica granatum) dibuat dari serbuk kering biji buah delima melalui metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Efek ekstrak etanol biji delima (Punica granatum) terhadap ekspresi β-catenin pada sel kanker kolorektal HCT116 dinilai melalui nilai H-score pada pewarnaan imunositokimia. Studi ini juga menilai potensi aktivtas dan efektivitas senyawa bioaktif Punica granatum untuk menghambat kanker kolorektal melalui jalur persinyalan β-catenin menggunakan metode penambatan molekular. Hasil: Penurunan ekspresi β-catenin pada sel kanker kolorektal HCT116 dibuktikan dengan nilai rerata H-score sebesar 154,90 pada pemberian ekstrak etanol dengan dosis 200 ppm. Senyawa bioaktif coniferyl 9-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl(1→6)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, dan sinapyl 9-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl(1→6)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside dapat menghambat kanker kolorektal melalui jalur persinyalan β-catenin. Kesimpulan: Biji delima (Punica granatum) terbukti menghambat pertumbuhan dan menurunkan ekspresi β-catenin pada sel kanker kolorektal HCT116.......Introduction. Colorectal cancer is the most frequent malignancy in the gastrointestinal tract. In Indonesia, colorectal cancer placed third highest with an incidence of 18 per 100,000 population. Excessive expression of β-catenin and deviation of β-catenin signaling path correlate with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. The currently developed colorectal cancer therapy is specific target therapy, i.e. EGFR and VEGF. However, it produces various side effects such as rash, pruritus, dry skin, nosebleed, hypertension, intestinal perforation and kidney disorder. Pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a herbal plant known to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The effect of pomegranate as anti-cancer has been proven, however there are only a few studies regarding the effect of pomegranate seed on cancer. Methods: Pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed ethanol extract was created from pomegranate seed dry powder made through maceration using 96% ethanol solvent. The effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed ethanol extract on β-catenin expression on HCT116 colorectal cancer cells was assessed using H-score on immunohistochemistry staining. This study also assessed the activity and effectivity potential of Punica granatum bioactive substance in inhibiting colorectal cancer through β-catenin signaling path using molecular docking method. Results: Decrease of β-catenin expression on HCT116 colorectal cancer cells was proven by the average H-score of 154.90 on administration of 200 ppm ethanol extract. Coniferyl 9-O-[ β-D-apiofuranosyl(1→6)-O- β-D-glucopyranoside and sinapyl 9-O-[β-D-apiofuranosyl(1→6)]-O-β-D-glucopyranoside bioactive substances can inhibit colorectal cancer through β-catenin signaling path. Conclusion: Pomegranate (Punica granatum) seed was proven to inhibit the growth and decrease the expression of β-catenin on HCT116 colorectal cancer cells."