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"Penelitian ini merupakan kajian variasi bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan dan di Riau Kepulauan. Kajian ini bersifat komparatif, membandingkan bahasa Melayu di dua wilayah Riau tersebut. Yang dibandingkan adalah perbedaan etimon dan realisasi vokal dan konsonan pada suku kata pertama dan kedua. Bahasa Melayu yang dibandingkan itu terdapat di i S daerah pengamatan, 9 di Riau Daratan dan 9 di Riau Kepulauan.Hasil kajian ini membuktikan bahwa bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan lebih variatif daripada bahasa Melayu di Riau Kepulaun. Buktinya adalah banyak glos yang memiliki etimon lebih banyak di Riau Daratan daripada di Riau Kepulauan. Di samping itu, realisasi vokal dan konsonan, juga menunjukkan ada kecenderungan lebih bervariasi bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan. Kebervariasian bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan itu disebabkan oleh kemungkinan adanya pengaruh atau unsur pinjaman dari bahasa lain, antara lain, bahasa Minangkabau, Jawa, dan Sunda. Ada penanda khas antara bahasa Melayu di Riau Daratan dan di Riau Kepulauan. Penanda itu, antara lain, adanya etimon bahasa lain lebih banyak di Riau Daratan daripada di Riau Kepulauan, bunyi vokal tengah swa terdapat di Riau Kepulauan, dan realisasi konsonan [t] di Riau Kepulauan dan [k] atau [?] di Riau Daratan pada akhir berian glos tertentu.

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This research is a study of the variation of Malay language in the Riau Land and the Islands of Riau. This is a comparative study, to compare Malay language in two regions of Riau. This study compares the difference of etimon and the vowel and consonant realization on the first and second syllable. On the Malay language, there are eighteen research point area, nine of them are in the Riau Land and the rest are in the Islands of Riau.The result finding proves that Malay language in are more variation than the Malaya language in the Islands of Riau. The evident show that there many gloss with more etimons in the Riau Land morever, the realization of vowel and consonant, show that the Malay language in the Riau Land has tend to have more variations. The variations from other languages such as the influence of, Minangkabau, Javanese, and Sundanese. There is a special sign between the Malay language in Riau Land and the Islands of Riau. One of signs is that there are more etimons of other languages in Riau Land than in the Islands of Riau. In the Islands of Riau there are the sound of middle vowel swa and the consonant realization [t] and [k] or [?] in the Riau Land on the second on the syllable of the certain given gloss."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pH saliva buatan terhadap surface gloss resin komposit Giomer Bulk-Fill. Uji surface gloss menggunakan glossmeter dengan sudut pengukuran 60 . Jumlah spesimen 63 buah terbagi dalam sembilan kelompok perlakuan yaitu perendaman dalam saliva buatan dengan pH 4,5; 5,5; dan 7 dengan waktu perendaman masing-masing 1 jam, 24 jam, dan 72 jam. Hasil analisis One-way ANOVA menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna pada setiap kelompok perlakuan. Disimpulkan bahwa dengan menurunnya pH saliva buatan dapat menurunkan nilai gloss pada permukaan resin komposit Giomer Bulk-Fill.

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This study aims to determine the effect of artificial salivary pH to surface gloss of Giomer Bulk Fill composite resin restorative materials. The surface gloss were tested using glossmeter with measurement angle of 60 . The number of specimens are 63, divided into nine groups with immersion in artificial salivary pH of 4.5, 5.5, and 7 for 1 hour, 24 hours, and 72 hours at 37 C. Statistical analysis using One way ANOVA showed significant difference in each treatment group. This result suggested that the pH value reduction of artificial saliva can reduce the gloss value on the surface of giomer bulk fill composite resin."

"Latar belakang: Mode penyinaran pulsa merupakan alternatif dari mode penyinaran kontinu untuk mempolimerisasi resin komposit. Saat ini resin komposit nanofil dan bulkfil merupakan material restorasi yang memerlukan surface gloss yang baik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan estetik. Surface gloss dapat dipengaruhi oleh penyinaran. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisa pengaruh penyinaran mode kontinu dan pulsa terhadap surface gloss resin komposit nanofil dan bulkfil segera dan setelah satu hari. Metode: Spesimen resin komposit nanofil dan bulkfil disinar menggunakan mode kontinu atau pulsa beriradiansi 900 mW/cm2 selama 20 detik. Lalu dilakukan pengujian surface gloss segera setelah penyinaran. Kemudian spesimen disimpan selama satu hari dan dilakukan pengujian surface gloss kembali. Hasil: Surface gloss yang dihasilkan oleh mode penyinaran kontinu dan pulsa tidak bermakna secara statistik (p>0,05). Resin komposit nanofil menghasilkan surface gloss lebih rendah daripada bulkfil, berbeda bermakna (p=0,00). Segera setelah penyinaran menghasilkan surface gloss lebih tinggi daripada setelah satu hari tidak bermakna secara statistik (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini surface gloss tidak dipengaruhi oleh mode penyinaran kontinu dan pulsa serta perbedaan waktu segera dan setelah satu hari. Namun terdapat pengaruh jenis resin komposit, nanofil menghasilkan surface gloss lebih rendah dari yang dihasilkan bulkfil.......Background: Pulse is an alternative of continuous light-curing mode to polymerize composite resin. Currently, nanofill and bulk-fill are restorative materials that require good gloss surface to meet aesthetic needs. Surface gloss can be obtained by irradiation. Aim: To analyze influence of continuous and pulse light-curing mode on surface gloss of nanofill and bulk-fill immediately after irradiation and after one day. Method: Nanofill and bulk-fill specimens were irradiated using continuous or pulse light-curing mode with irradiance of 900 mW/cm2 for 20 seconds. Then surface gloss test is carried out immediately after irradiation. Then the specimens were water-stored for one day and then tested their surface gloss again. Result: Surface gloss produced by continuous and pulse light-curing mode were not statistically different (p>0,05). Nanofill produced lower surface gloss than bulk-fill, statistically significant (p=0,00). Immediately after irradiation, resulting surface gloss were higher than after one day, not statistically significant (p>0,05). Conclusion: In this experiment, surface gloss was not affected by continuous and pulse light-curing mode as well as the time difference immediately and after one day. However, there is an influence on the type of composite resin, where nanofill produced lower surface gloss than bulk-fill."

"The present doctoral dissertation contributes to the analysis of glass panels subjected to blast load, concentrating on monolithic and laminated glass prior to glass fracture. A straightforward graphical solution for monolithic glass is presented to identify maximum deformation and maximum principal stress for small and large deformations for static and idealized blast load without software. On the basis of experimental tests, load duration factors kmod for impact and blast load design for annealed glass, heat strengthened glass and fully tempered glass are proposed and design strength values for impact and blast design based on the European and German standards are suggested. As a result, blast pressure capacity charts for monolithic fully tempered glass plates subjected to idealized blast load are presented. Moreover, design temperatures of interlayer in blast design situation based on empirical data in accordance with Eurocode are determined for vertical double glazed and triple glazed units for Germany, showing that laminated glass should not be regarded with monolithic glass approach in general."