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Abstrak :
Aside the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing, which was ratified by the Indonesian government with Law No. 11 Year 2013, the Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress (NKL Supplementary Protocol) offers great benefits for a “mega biodiversity” country like Indonesia. Despite the lack of awareness of this supplementary protocol, there is an urgent need for its ratification. This legal-normative research aims to look at the existing regulations in Indonesia to support the implementation of the Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress, and to explore the readiness of the national legal system on liability and redress for damages resulting from the application of Living Modified Organisms (LMOs). Based on the several existing regulations, Indonesia has the readiness to a certain extent to implement the Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress. This finding should be supported with more intensive discussion on the protocol and its implementationl.

Melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2013, Pemerintah Indonesia telah meratifikasi The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Selain itu, pada momen yang sama Negara Pihak CBD juga menyepakati the Nagoya–Kuala Lumpur Supplementary Protocol on Liability and Redress (NKL Supplementary Protocol) yang menawarkan “kesempatan” besar bagi negara megabiodiversity seperti Indonesia. Penelitian mormatif yuridis ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan kerangka pengaturan yang sudah ada untuk memungkinkan implementasi NKL Supplementary Protocol ini. Berdasarkan beberapa regulasi yang sudah ada, Indonesia memiliki kesiapan dan sekaligus perlu untuk menerapkan protokol terkait pertanggungjawaban hukum dan kompensasi kerugian yang timbul akibat aplikasi Living Modified Organisms (LMOs).

Abstrak :
Adanya transaksi perdagangan melalui sistem elektronik yang memiliki risiko kerugian konsumen, membutuhkan mekanisme pelaporan serta ganti rugi yang efektif serta menjamin pertanggungjawaban marketplace, maupun pedagang (merchant). Melalui ketentuan PP PMSE, disertakan sarana pelaporan kerugian konsumen melalui Kementerian Perdagangan dalam ketentuan Pasal 18 PP ini. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi alur serta mekanisme pelaporan konsumen atas kerugian yang diderita dalam transaksi di marketplace dan untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana pertanggungjawaban marketplace juga merchant dalam hal terjadi kerugian konsumen setelah keberlakuan PP PMSE. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif, di mana objek kajian dalam penelitian ini merupakan hukum positif yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam melaksanakan ketentuan Pasal 18 PP PMSE, Kementerian Perdagangan memproses pengaduan yang masuk dari konsumen yang dirugikan dalam transaksi e-commerce dan penyelesaian pengaduan dilakukan dengan cara mempertemukan konsumen dengan pelaku usaha sampai mencapai kesepakatan. Hal ini merupakan kewenangan yang dimilikinya melalui tugas pokok serta fungsi yang tercantum dalam Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 29 Tahun 2022 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Perdagangan. Selanjutnya, pelaku usaha berkewajiban untuk menyelesaikan pelaporan tersebut agar tidak masuk ke dalam daftar prioritas pengawasan Kementerian Perdagangan. Dalam transaksi di marketplace, tanggung jawab yang dimiliki oleh marketplace adalah untuk menjamin bahwa penyelenggaraan sistem elektronik dalam pelantar yang ia sediakan aman, andal, serta bertanggung jawab dan dapat dipercaya oleh publik. Sedangkan merchant memiliki tanggung jawab untuk memberikan informasi yang benar, jelas, serta jujur kepada konsumen. Konsumen yang mengalami kerugian berhak atas penukaran atau pembatalan pembelian barang dan atau jasa dalam kurun waktu minimal 2 (dua) hari kerja setelah barang sampai di tempat konsumen. ......The existence of trade transactions through electronic systems that have a risk of consumers’ loss, requires an effective reporting and redress mechanism that guarantees the accountability of the marketplace, as well as the merchants using the platform. Pursuant to Article 18 of PP PMSE, consumers may report or file a complaint regarding the losses suffered to the Ministry of Trade in the event of being harmed through e-commerce transactions. This study aims to identify the mechanism of consumer reporting for losses suffered in transactions in the marketplace and to identify how the marketplace and merchants are liable in the event of consumer losses after the PMSE PP comes into effect. The research method used in this thesis is normative legal research, where the object of study in this research is the applicable positive laws. The results of this study indicate that in implementing the provisions of Article 18 PP PMSE, the Ministry of Trade processes incoming complaints from consumers who are disadvantaged in e-commerce transactions and complaint resolution is carried out by bringing consumers together with business actors to reach an agreement. This authority is carried out by the Ministry of Trade through the main tasks and functions listed in the Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 29 of 2022 concerning the Organization and Work Procedure of the Ministry of Trade. Furthermore, business actors are obligated to complete the report so that they are not included in the priority list of supervision of the Ministry of Trade. In transactions on the marketplace, the responsibility of the marketplace is to ensure that the implementation of the electronic system on the platform it provides is safe, reliable, responsible and can be trusted by the public. Meanwhile, merchants have the responsibility to provide correct, clear, and honest information to consumers. Consumers who suffer losses have the right to exchange or cancel purchases of goods and or services within a minimum period of 2 (two) workdays after the goods are received by the consumers.

Abstrak :
Malaysia?s rapid economic development has relied on Malaysian workers as well as on migrant workers, especially from ASEAN countries and South Asia. The sustained high economic growth rates in Malaysia over approximately three decades caused the increase in migrant workers, who were to meet the rising demand in certain sectors of the Malaysian labour market. The objective of the article is to identify potential opportunities for policy and legislative reform in relation to Malaysia?s implementation of its obligations as a Migrant Domestic Worker (MDW) receiving country specifically in relation to the barriers to MDW bringing claims where their rights have been breached. This article has identified the relevant policy, legislative and support mechanism (NGO and government) landscape in Malaysia regarding the realisation of the rights of migrant domestic workers in Malaysia to bring claims where their rights have been breached; best practice examples of the relevant policy, legislative and support mechanism landscapes in at least 2 ?best practice? MDW receiving countries regarding the realisation of the rights of MDW to bring claims where their rights have been breached; and potential opportunities for policy, legislative and support mechanism reform in Malaysia to further enhance the realisation of the rights of MDW in Malaysia specifically in relation to redress mechanisms for breaches of the rights of MDW.

Pertumbuhan ekonomi Malaysia yang pesat bergantung pada tenaga kerja Malaysia dan tenaga migran, khusunya dari negara-negara ASEAN, dan dari Asia Selatan. Pertumbuhan berkelanjutan yang tinggi dari ekonomi di Malaysia selama lebih dari tiga dekade telah mengakibatkan meningkatnya tenaga migran, karena kebutuhan untuk memenuhi permintaan yang meningkat di beberapa sektor dalam pasar jasa Malaysia. Tujuan artikel ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi peluang reformasi kebijkan dan legislasi dalam kaitannya dengan implementasi Malaysia akan kewajibannya sebagai Negara penerima migrant domestic worker (MDW) khususnya terkait hambatan MDW dalam melakukan gugatan ketika hak meraka dilanggar. Artikel ini telah mengidentifikasi tataran kebijakan, legislasi dan mekanisme dukungan (terkait realisasi hak-hak MDW di Malaysia dalam melakukan gugatan; contoh praktik terbaik (best practice) tataran kebijakan, legislasi dan mekanisme dukungan yang terkait di setidaknya dua Negara penerima MDW yang memiliki ?best practice? dalam merealisasikan hak MDW dalam melakukan gugatan; serta potensi peluang reformasi kebijakan, legislasi dan mekanisme dukungan di Malaysia untuk semakin meningkatkan realisasi hak-hak MDW di Malaysia khususnya dalam mekanisme ganti rugi atas pelanggaran hak-hak MDW.

Abstrak :
This article is written based on the research about the influence of service quality and student's satisfaction toward the intensity of student's re-gistation......