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"ABSTRAKSom Kung, locally known as wild grape, belongs to the Vitaceae family and its scientific name is Ampelocissus martini. Its leaf, root and bark are used in traditional Thai medicine for providing relief of symptoms. In this work we studied the phytochemical and antioxidant activities of the hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol crude extracts of vines and rhizomes of Ampelocissus martini. Qualitative analysis of the phytochemical screening of the various extracts revealed the presence of terpenoid, flavonoid, saponin, phenolic acid and alkaloid. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were investigated by using Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric aluminum chloride assays, respectively. The results showed that the methanolic extract of vines and rhizomes gave significantly higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents than the ethyl acetate and hexane extracts. In addition, the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts of both parts had higher antioxidant activities than their hexane extracts. Positive correlation coefficients were observed (r = 0.987) between total phenolic and flavonoid contents and also (r = 0.998) between DPPH and ABTS. The present study provides evidence that solvent extracts of A. martini contain important bioactive compounds, especially the methanol extract, which produced a number of phytochemical compounds. Further study will isolate and identify the active compounds of vines and rhizomes from this solvent."

"Teripang merupakan salah satu biota laut yang banyak ditemukan di perairan Indonesia. Meskipun demikian, penelitian tentang zat bioaktif teripang dari perairan Indonesia masih terbatas. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis jenis-jenis teripang yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri penyebab jerawat dan menangkal radikal bebas (antioksidan), serta komponen senyawa kimia yang terkandung dalam ekstrak dan fraksi teripang yang berperan sebagai antibakteri dan antioksidan. Semua jenis teripang yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari perairan Lampung, Indonesia. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Uji aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode difusi agar dan uji aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode ABTS. Identifikasi senyawa dalam ekstrak dan fraksi teripang menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya fraksi n-heksan Stichopus quadrifasciatus dan ekstrak metanol Holothuria lessoni yang menunjukkan aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Propionibacterium acnes. Ekstrak metanol H. lessoni dan fraksi etil asetat H. leucospilota terhadap Staphylococcus aureus; Sedangkan fraksi n-heksan S. quadrifasciatus, ekstrak metanol H. lessoni dan Bohadschia marmorata terhadap S. epidermidis. Tingkat aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi ditunjukkan oleh fraksi butanol H. lessoni dengan nilai IC50 109,7408 μg/mL, diikuti oleh ekstrak metanol H. leucospilota (155,0729 μg/mL), faksi n-heksan S. quadrifasciatus (157,9000 μg/mL), ekstrak metanol H. lessoni (163,8317 μg/mL) dan fraksi etil asetat H. leucospilota (181,8804 μg/mL). Analisis GC-MS menunjukkan bahwa senyawa utama yang diidentifikasi dalam sampel uji terdiri dari siklononasiloksan, oktadekametil-, sikloheksasiloksan, dodekametil-, dan siklooktasiloksan, heksadekametil-. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa teripang H. lessoni merupakan salah satu jenis teripang yang memiliki potensi sebagai sumber antibakteri dan antioksidan alami di masa depan.

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Sea cucumbers are one of the many marine biotas found in Indonesian waters. Nevertheless, research on the bioactive substances of sea cucumbers from Indonesian waters is still limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze the types of sea cucumbers that have antibacterial activity against acne-causing bacteria and free radicals scavengers (antioxidants), as well as the components of chemical compounds contained in the extracts and fractions of sea cucumbers that have antibacterial and antioxidant activity. All types of sea cucumbers used in this study were collected from Lampung waters, Indonesia. The maceration method was used for extraction with methanol as the solvent. The agar diffusion method was used to test antibacterial activity, and the ABTS method was used to test antioxidant activity. GC-MS was used for identification of compounds in the extract and fractions of sea cucumbers. The results showed that only the n-hexane fraction of Stichopus quadrifasciatus and the methanol extract of Holothuria lessoni showed antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The methanol extract of H. lessoni and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. leucospilota were effective against Staphylococcus aureus, while the n-hexane fraction of S. quadrifasciatus, methanol extract of H. lessoni, and Bohadschia marmorata was effective against S. epidermidis. The highest level of antioxidant activity was shown by the butanol fraction of H. lessoni with an IC50 value of 109.7408 μg/mL, followed by the methanol extract of H. leucospilota (155.0729 μg/mL), the n-hexane faction of S. quadrifasciatus (157.9000 μg/mL), the methanol extract of H. lessoni (163.8317 μg/mL) and the ethyl acetate fraction of H. leucospilota (181.8804 μg/mL). GC-MS analysis showed that the main compounds identified in the test samples consisted of cyclononacyloxane, octadecamethyl-, cyclohexasiloxane, dodecamethyl-, and cyclooctasiloxane, hexadecamethyl-. It can be concluded that the sea cucumber H. lessoni is one type of sea cucumber that has potential as a source of natural antibacterials and antioxidants in the future."

"Keberadaan radikal bebas yang berlebih dapat menimbulkan kerusakan sel sehingga dibutuhkan antioksidan untuk menyeimbangkan kadar ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) dalam tubuh. Antioksidan eksogen seperti vitamin C dan senyawa fenol banyak terdapat pada tanaman, termasuk pada buah karanda. Karanda (Carissa carandas L.) merupakan tanaman dari keluarga Apocynaceae yang dapat tumbuh dan berkembang di Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar fenol total dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol 70%  buah serta biji karanda mentah dan matang sebagai salah satu sumber antioksidan di Indonesia. Metode UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction)  digunakan untuk meningkatkan hasil ekstraksi dan kadar fenol yang diperoleh. Penetapan kadar fenol menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu dengan standar asam galat. Pengujian aktivitas antiokisdan menggunakan metode ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenozothiazoline-6-sulfonat) dan FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) dengan kontrol positif asam askorbat. Pada penetapan kadar fenol total diperoleh hasil ekstrak etanol 70% buah karanda mentah dan matang sebesar 115,20 mgGAE/gram dan 289,84 mgGAE/gram. Ekstrak etanol  buah karanda mentah dan matang memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 100,1360 µg/mL dan 86,3310 µg/mL pada pengujian antioksidan menggunakan metode ABTS. Pada metode FRAP diperoleh nilai FeEAC ekstrak etanol buah karanda mentah sebesar 76,18 µmol/gram dan nilai FeEAC ekstrak etanol buah karanda matang sebesar 105,41 µmol/gram. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan ekstrak etanol 70% buah karanda matang memiliki kadar fenol total dan aktivitas antioksidan yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ekstrak etanol 70% buah karanda mentah. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan dapat disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% buah karanda mentah dan matang merupakan antioksidan kuat.

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The presence of free radicals can cause cell damage so that antioxidants are needed to balance ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) levels in the body. Exogenous antioxidants such as vitamin C and phenolic compounds are found in many plants, including karanda fruit. Karanda (Carissa carandas L.) is a plant from the Apocynaceae family that can grow in Indonesia. This study aimed to determine the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of raw and ripe karanda fruit as one of sources of antioxidant in Indonesia. The UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction) method was used to increase the extraction yield and total phenol content. Folin-Ciocalteu method was employed for determination of total phenolic content using gallic acid as standard.  Antioxidant activity was evaluated by ABTS (2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenozothiazoline-6-sulfonate) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) methods using ascorbic acid as positive control. The results of total phenolic content for unripe and ripe fruit extracts were 115.20 mgGAE/gram and 289.84 mgGAE/gram respectively. Based on ABTS assay, the 70% ethanolic extract of unripe and ripe karanda fruit had IC50 value of 100.1360 µg/mL and 86.3310 µg/mL respectively. In the FRAP method, the FeEAC value of the 70% ethanolic extract of raw karanda fruit was 76.18 µmol/gram and the FeEAC value of the 70% ethanolic extract of ripe karanda fruit was 105.41 µmol/gram. The results showed that the ethanol 70% extract of ripe karanda fruit had higher total phenol content and antioxidant activity than the 70% ethanolic extract of raw karanda fruit. According to this research, it can be concluded that the 70% ethanolic extract of raw and ripe karanda fruit is a strong antioxidant. "

"Sungkai, Peronema canescens Jack, merupakan salah satu tanaman asli Indonesia yang telah digunakan secara tradisional bagi beberapa suku yang ada di Indonesia sebagai pengobatan. Namun, penelitian terkait tanaman sungkai masih terbatas. Penelitian ini dilakukan bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan senyawa metabolit sekunder dari ekstrak daun sungkai. Ekstraksi menggunakan metode Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) dengan metode ekstraksi bertingkat kemudian dilakukan penapisan fitokimia. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode peredaman radikal bebas ABTS (2,2′‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) dan FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay). Pada hasil ekstraksi, didapatkan nilai persen rendemen dengan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol secara berturut-turut adalah 1,57; 3,74; dan 4,03%. Hasil uji aktivitas antioksidan metode peredaman radikal bebas ABTS menunjukkan persen inhibisi dengan nilai konsentrasi akhir yang sama, 1 μg/mL, pada ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol adalah 8,91; 16,22; dan 42,77% serta IC50 ekstrak metanol sebesar 51,21 μg/mL. Pada metode FRAP, nilai FeEAC dari ekstrak n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol adalah 18,32 ±0,19; 88,63 ±0,63; dan 245,76 ±2,08 μmol/g. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan ekstrak metanol memiliki potensi terbesar sebagai agen antioksidan karena memiliki aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi dibandingkan ekstrak n-heksana dan etil asetat. Selain itu, ekstrak metanol mengandung golongan senyawa flavonoid, alkaloid, tanin, saponin, terpenoid, dan glikosida.

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Sungkai, Peronema canescens Jack, is one of Indonesia native plants which has been used traditionally as medicine by several tribes in Indonesia. Nonetheless, studies regarding sungkai are limited. The objectives of this research were to examine antioxidant activity and secondary metabolites from sungkai leaves extract. Extraction was done using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) with successive extraction then proceeded to do phytochemical screening. Antioxidant activity test were done using scavenging activity of ABTS (2,2′‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power Assay) methods. The extraction yields of sungkai leaves using hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol are 1.57; 3.74; and 4.03% respectively. ABTS assay within the same concentration, 1 μg/mL, showed hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol leaves extract have percent inhibition of 8.91; 16.22; and 42.77% respectively where methanol extract has IC50 value of 51.21 μg/mL. FRAP assay showed hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol leaves extract have FeEAC 18.32 ±0.19; 88.63 ±0.63; and 245.76 ±2.08 μmol/g respectively. Based on the results, it can be concluded that methanol extract has the greatest potential as antioxidant since methanol extract has the highest antioxidant activity compared to hexane and ethyl acetate extract. Furthermore, methanol extract indicated the precence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannin, saponins, terpenoids and glycosides."