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Diabetes Mellitus tipe 2 merupakan penyakit degeneratif yang prevalensinya cukup tinggi. Untuk mengobatinya, tanaman herbal seringkali digunakan, salah satunya tanaman kenikir (Cosmos caudatus) yang diketahui memiliki aktivitas antidiabetes dan antioksidan yang tinggi. Namun, perbandingan jenis pelarut yang digunakan dalam proses ekstraksi daun tanaman ini belum dipelajari secara utuh. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis pelarut terhadap aktivitas antidiabetes dan antioksidan ekstrak daun kenikir. Proses ekstraksi dilakukan menggunakan metode maserasi dengan 3 pelarut yang berbeda, yaitu air, etanol 50%, dan etanol teknis selama 3 malam, kemudian dilakukan beberapa pengujian kuantitatif: perhitungan total fenolik dan flavonoid; aktivitas antioksidan menggunakan metode DPPH; dan aktivitas antidiabetes dengan metode inhibisi enzim α-glukosidase. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian LCMS/MS untuk memprediksi senyawa spesifik yang terkandung dalam ekstrak. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan kadar total fenolik dan flavonoid serta aktivitas antioksidan dan antidiabetes paling tinggi dimiliki oleh ekstrak etanol 50%. Analisis LCMS/MS menunjukkan prediksi senyawa fitokimia yang terkandung dalam masing-masing ekstrak dengan kuersetin adalah senyawa yang paling dominan yang terdeteksi pada ekstrak etanol 50%. Daun kenikir yang diekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi dengan pelarut etanol 50% memiliki banyak keunggulan berupa kandungan zat aktif yang lebih banyak, serta aktivitas antioksidan dan antidiabetes yang lebih tinggi secara signifikan dibandingkan dengan ekstrak air dan etanol.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common degenerative disorders. For therapeutic use, herbs are commonly used in Indonesia for T2DM treatment, one of them is (Cosmos caudatus) kenikir’s leaves. In previous studies, kenikir's leaves have high antidiabetic and antioxidant activity. However, a comparison of antidiabetic activity from many extracts of kenikir's leave is remain unclear. This study will compare the antidiabetic and antioxidant properties of various kenikir’s leave extract. Kenikir’s leaves are extracted by maceration methods for three days using three different solvents: boiling water, ethanol 50%, dan ethanol 100%. Then, phenolic and flavonoid content will be measured, as well as antioxidant properties by DPPH radical scavenging activity assay, and antidiabetic properties by α-glucosidase inhibition assay, also LCMS/MS will be used to predict the compound from each extract. The result shows that ethanol 50% extract has highest phenolic and flavonoid content than others. It also has significantly higher antioxidant (p<0.05) and antidiabetic (p<0.05) properties than others. Meanwhile, LCMS/MS result of ethanol 50% extract predicts 6 chemical component, which quercetin is the most dominant compound. Ethanol 50% extract of kenikir’s leaves is superior from other extracts on phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant properties, and antidiabetic properties.

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"Latar belakang: Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan salah satu penyakit metabolik kronis dengan jumlah penderita tertinggi di dunia. DM tipe 2 mencakup 90% kasus DM. Hiperglikemia pada DM tipe 2 menyebabkan kerusakan sel beta pankreas dan resistensi insulin. Salah satu opsi pengobatan DM tipe 2 adalah inhibitor alfa-glukosidase seperti acarbose. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) merupakan tanaman obat yang digunakan untuk pengobatan diabetes melitus di Turki dan banyak ditemukan di Indonesia. Penelitian yang menguji efek inhibisi buah okra terhadap alfa-glukosidase masih belum umum. Metode: Buah okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) merah diekstraksi menggunakan 3 pelarut dengan polaritas berbeda, yaitu etanol, etil asetat, dan heksana. Selanjutnya dilakukan uji fitokimia dan uji inhibisi ekstrak terhadap alfa-glukosidase secara in vitro dengan kontrol positif acarbose untuk menentukan persentase inhibisi dan nilai IC50. Hasil: Ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan heksana buah okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder flavonoid, triterpenoid, alkaloid, tanin (hanya etanol), glikosida (hanya etanol), dan steroid (hanya etil asetat dan heksana). Dari ketiga ekstrak, ekstrak etanol buah okra memiliki nilai IC50 terendah sebesar 72,038 ± 27,852 μg/mL, diikuti dengan ekstrak etil asetat sebesar 107,330 ± 3,025 μg/mL, dan ekstrak heksana sebesar 193,618 ± 18,514 μg/mL dengan kontrol positif acarbose sebesar 0,978 ± 0,326 μg/mL. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak buah okra terbukti mengandung flavonoid, triterpenoid, dan alkaloid serta tambahan tanin dan glikosida pada ekstrak etanol yang berpotensi sebagai inhibitor alfa-glukosidase. Ekstrak etanol, etil asetat, dan heksana buah okra memiliki kemampuan inhibisi alfa-glukosidase namun lebih rendah dari acarbose.......Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the chronic metabolic diseases with the highest number of prevalence in the world. Type 2 DM covers 90% of DM cases. Hyperglycemia in type 2 DM leads to damage to pancreatic beta cells and insulin resistance. One of the treatment options for type 2 DM is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor such as acarbose. Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus in Turkey and is widely found in Indonesia. Studies testing the inhibition effect of okra fruit on alpha-glucosidase are still not common. Method: Red okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruits were extracted using 3 solvents with different polarities, namely ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane. Furthermore, phytochemical tests and in vitro inhibitory activity tests against alpha-glucosidase were carried out compared to acarbose to determine the inhibition percentage and IC50 value. Result: Ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane extracts of okra fruit (Abelmoschus esculentus) contain secondary metabolites of flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, tannins (only ethanol), glycosides (only ethanol), and steroids (only ethyl acetate and hexane). Of the three extracts, okra fruit ethanol extract had the lowest IC50 value of 72.038 ± 27.852 μg/mL, followed by ethyl acetate extract of 107.330 ± 3.025 μg/mL, and hexane extract of 193.618 ± 18.514 μg/mL with acarbose as positive control of 0.978 ± 0.326 μg/mL. Conclusion: Okra fruit extract has been shown to contain flavonoids, triterpenoids, and alkaloids as well as additional tannins and glycosides in ethanol extracts that have the potential to be alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Ethanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane extracts of okra fruit have alpha-glucosidase inhibition ability but are lower than acarbose."

"Alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) is a carbohydrase that catalyzes the liberation of a-glucose from the nonreducing end of the diet carbohydrate. In diabetic patients, inhibition of these enzymes causes the restraint of glucose absorption and decreases the postprandial hyperglycemia. The purpose of this research is to study the antihyperglycemic activity of mahkota dewa [Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.] leaf extracts by inhibition test to alpha glucosidase enzyme. This research was conducted in three steps: fractionation and extraction samples with methanol, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and water, followed by phytochemistry screening and alpha-glucosidase inhibition test. The alpha-glucosidase inhibition test was performed by using alpha-glucosidase enzyme and p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside as a substrate.The result of phytochemistry screening showed that Mahkota dewa leaves contain class of phenolics, thanins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and carbohydrates. The result of alpha-glucosidase inhibition test showed that ethyl acetate fraction extract had the highest inhibition activity with inhibition percentage at 50 ppm for old leaves which is 55.04% and for young leaves which is 56.92%. At 50 ppm, inhibition activity from the methanol extract and boiled water extract of old leaves is higher than that of young leaves with inhibition percentage of old leaves methanol extract which is 14.25% and 10.97% for young leaves and for old leaves; boiled water extract is 10.32% and 6.85% for young leaves. For n-butanol fraction extract, inhibition activity of young leaf extract (14.26%) is higher than old leaf extract (9.49%)."

"Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan penyakit dengan prevalensi yang tinggi dan terus meningkat setiap tahunnya. Salah satu pengobatan DM adalah dengan penghambatan α-glukosidase dan α-amilase. Efek samping pada saluran cerna dan biaya pengobatan yang mahal mendorong ditemukannya sumber penghambat α- glukosidase dan α-amilase lain yang lebih efektif, aman, dan terjangkau. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji adanya aktivitas penghambatan α-glukosidase dan α- amilase pada 11 ektrak etanol tanaman Indonesia secara in vitro. Uji penghambatan α-glukosidase dilakukan menggunakan p-Nitrofenil-α-D glukopiranosida sebagai substrat yang akan menghasilkan p-nitrofenol. Produk tersebut diukur serapannya menggunakan microplate reader (λ = 405 nm). Uji penghambatan α-amilase dilakukan menggunakan amilum soluble sebagai substrat yang menghasilkan maltosa yang akan mereduksi reagen warna. Produk tersebut diukur serapannya dengan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis (λ = 540 nm). Hasil uji menunjukkan ekstrak daun Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp memiliki penghambatan aktivitas α-glukosidase (IC50=19,507 ppm) dan α-amilase (90,263% pada 500 ppm) terbesar. Golongan senyawa kimia yang kemungkinan berperan dalam penghambatan α-glukosidase dan α-amilase adalah tanin, flavonoid, dan senyawa polifenol. ......Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease with high and increasing prevalence every year. Inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase is one of DM treatments. Gastrointestinal side effects and high cost treatment encourage the discovery of α- glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitor from other sources that are more effective, safer, and affordable. The aim of this research was to determine in vitro inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase from 11 ethanolic extracts of selected Indonesian plants. α-Glucosidase inhibition test was performed using p-nitophenyl-α-Dglucopyranoside as substrate that will produce p-nitrophenol. p-Nitophenol were measured using microplate reader (λ = 405 nm). α-Amylase inhibition test was performed using soluble starch as substrate that will produce maltose. Maltose will reduce the color reagent. These products were measured using Spectrophotometer UV-Vis (λ = 540 nm). The test results showed Syzygium polyanthum (Wight) Walp has highest inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase (IC50=19,507 ppm) and α-amylase (90,263% at 500 ppm). Chemical compounds that possibly take a role in the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase are tannin, flavonoids, and polyphenols. "

"Diabetes melitus merupakan penyakit atau gangguan metabolisme yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia disebabkan oleh gangguan sekresi insulin atau penurunan aktivitas insulin. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji penghambatan aktivitas α-glukosidase dan α-amilase pada 10 jenis tanaman obat Indonesia, yaitu Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (daun), Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. (daun), Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (daun), Gardenia augusta Merr. (daun), Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (daun), Centella asiatica L. Urban (herba), Persea americana Mill. (biji), Nephelium Lappaceum L. (biji), Zingiber officinale Roxb. (rimpang), Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb. (rimpang). Serbuk simplisia diekstraksi menggunakan atanol 70% dengan metode refluks. Uji penghambatan aktivitas α-glukosidase menggunakan substrat p-Nitrofenil-α-D-Glukopiranosida (PNPG) yang menghasilkan produk p-nitrofenol. Produk tersebut diukur serapannya menggunakan microplate reader pada λ 405 nm. Uji penghambatan aktivitas α-amilase menggunakan substrat amilum yang menghasilkan produk maltosa dan akan mereduksi reagen warna Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNS). Produk tersebut diukur serapannya menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada λ 540 nm. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa biji Persea americana Mill. memiliki daya inhibisi terbesar terhadap α-glukosidase dan α-amilase, dengan nilai IC50 36,82 μg/mL pada uji α-glukosidase, dan % inhibisi 88,26% serta IC50­ 365,14 µg/mL pada uji α-amilase. Hasil identifikasi golongan senyawa kimia pada 10 ekstrak uji sebagian besar mengandung alkaloid, glikosida, dan flavonoid. ......Diabetes mellitus is a disease or metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaire insulin secretion or decreasing of insulin activity. In this research was performed by determining the inhibitor activity of α-glucosidase and α-amylase from 10 species of Indonesian medicinal plants, such as Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. (leaves), Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miq. (leaves), Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr. (leaves), Gardenia augusta Merr. (leaves), Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg (leaves), Centella asiatica L. Urban (herbs), Persea americana Mill. (seeds), Nephelium Lappaceum L. (seeds), Zingiber officinale Roxb. (rhizomes), Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb. (rhizomes). The symplicia powder was extracted by reflux using 70% ethanol. Testing α-glucosidase inhibitor activity using the substrate p-nitrophenyl-α-D-Glukopiranosida (PNPG) that produced p-nitrophenol. The product was measured at λ 405 nm by a microplate reader. Testing α-amylase inhibitor activity using starch substrate that would produce maltose and would reduce the color reagents Dinitrosalicylic Acid (DNS). The product was measured by an UV-Vis spectrophotometer at λ 540 nm. The testing results showed that the avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.) had a greatest inhibytion against α-glucosidase and α-amylase, with IC50 values ​​of 36.82 μg/mL at α-glucosidase test, and %inhibition 88.26%, IC50 values of 364.135 μg/mL in α-amylase test. The results of chemical compounds identification in 10 extracts generally contain alkaloids, glycosides, and flavonoids."