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Abstrak :
Extraction of jatropha seeds to gain oilseed has implication of resulting residu of 60 - 70 % . This residu can be utilized as alternative fuel such as carbonized briquette to reduce or substitute the use of fossil fuel........

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ABSTRAK

Tingginya penggunaan kendaraan bermotor merupakan penyebab utama polusi udara yang mempengaruhi kualitas lingkungan hidup. Salah satu program pemerintah dalam menghadapi masalah ini adalah melakukan produksi massal mobil listrik, namun masalah utama yang menghalangi ketertarikan masyarakat dalam menggunakan kendaraan berbahan bakar alternatif adalah kurangnya stasiun pengisian dan keterbatasan jarak tempuh kendaraan tanpa melakukan pengisian. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan melakukan optimasi lokasi stasiun pengisian untuk mobil listrik dengan studi kasus di DKI Jakarta. Fungsi tujuan yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah meminimalkan total biaya pembuatan stasiun pengisian, biaya transportasi pengguna mobil listrik untuk melakukan pengisian, dan kerugian waktu pengguna mobil listrik untuk melakukan pengisian.

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The high number of gasoline vehicles usage in Indonesia is the main cause of air pollution which affect the environment quality. One of the government programs to overcome this problem is to mass-produce electric cars, but the main problems that become barriers that prevent alternative fuel vehicles becoming more popular are the lack of charging stations and the limited vehicle range without charging. Therefore, this research will conduct optimization of charging station location for electric cars with case study in DKI Jakarta. The objective function used is to minimize the cost of making the charging station, the driver's transportation cost to do the charging, and the time spent by the driver to charge the electric vehicle.

 

Abstrak :
Kebutuhan energi yang semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, dimana ketergantungan terhadap minyak bumi dan terakhir terhadap LPG perlu disiasati dengan mencari sumber energi baru. Dimetil Eter dinilai sebagai sumber energi alternatif yang potensial menimbang sumber bahan baku pembuatan DME dapat diperoleh dari biomassa, batubara dan gas alam, yang mana merupakan sumber bahan baku yang terbarukan dan tidak terbarukan, menjamin ketersediaan DME secara terus-menerus. Kajian pustaka terhadap keekonomian pembuatan Dimetil Eter dari tiga bahan baku tersebut dengan menggunakan Indirect dan Direct Technology) akan dibahas, yang mana lebih lanjut analisa pada tesis ini hanya terbatas kepada bahan baku biomassa dan batubara saja. Dengan membandingkan empat variasi yaitu BB1PI ( Biomassa ? direct technology), BB2P1 (Batubara- direct technology), BB1P2 ( Biomassa ? indirect technology), BB2P2 (Batubara- indirect technology) dengan basis kapasitas produksi DME 5.000 ton/hari (351 hari operasional) dan harga DME adalah USD 1.000/ MT DME atau USD 907.220/ ton DME diperoleh nilai CAPEX dan OPEX terendah USD 3.203.965.095,66 dan USD 373.546.794,34 berturut, dengan nilai IRR tertinggi 38% dan PBP (Pay Back Period) terendah 2.63 tahun untuk variasi BB2P1 (Batubara - direct Technology). Sehingga dengan membandingkan empat variasi tersebut diatas diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa bahan baku dan proses teknologi yang dinilai paling ekonomis didalam penerapannya adalah variasi BB2P1 (Batubara-direct technology). ...... The need for energy is increasing from year to year, where the dependence on petroleum and LPG should last to overcome by finding new sources of energy. Dimethyl Ether assessed as a potential alternative sources of energy considering its raw material can be obtained from biomass, coal and natural gas, which is the renewable source of raw materials and non-renewable, ensuring the availability of DME continuously. Literature review on the economical manufacture of Dimethyl Ether from three raw materials by using Indirect and Direct Technology will be discussed, which further analysis in this thesis is limited to biomass and coal feedstock only. By comparing the four variations of the BB1PI (Biomass - direct technology), BB2P1 (Coal - direct technology), BB1P2 (Biomass - indirect technology), BB2P2 (Coal - indirect technology), with base DME production capacity of 5,000 tons / day (351 operational days) with price USD 1,000/MT DME or USD 907.220/ ton DME, obtained lowest CAPEX and OPEX values USD 3,203,965,095.66 and USD 373,546,794.34 respectively, with the highest value of IRR 38% and the lowest value of PBP (Payback Period) 2.63 years for BB2P1 variation (Coal - Direct Technology). Therefore, by comparing the four variations of the above it is concluded that the raw materials and process technologies are considered the most economical in its application is BB2P1 (Coal-direct technology).

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Pabrik semen merupakan pabrik yang menggunakan energi tinggi secara intensif, yang mencapai 40 - 60% dari total biaya produksi. Penggunaan bahan bakar alternatif, secara signifikan dapat menurunkan biaya energi. PT Boral Indonesia, berencana akan membangun pabrik semen yang akan memaksimalkan penggunakan bahan bakar alternatif. Studi literatur, wawancara dan korespondensi dengan para ahli digunakan dalam penelitian tentang kebutuhan alat tambahan pabrik ini. Teknik Sampling dan wawancara digunakan untuk mendapatkan jenis dan besarnya potensi bahan bakar alternatif di sekitar Pabrik. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan jawaban besarnya optimasi biaya produksi yang dapat dilakukan dengan penggunaan bahan bakar alternatif. ......Cement manufacture is one the most intensive energy using industries, as the energy cost is about 40% ? 60% of the total production cost. Alternative fuels could significantly reduce the energy cost. PT Boral Indonesia are going to build Cement Plant, by maximizing the use of alternative fuels. Literature study, interview and correspondences with experts have been used in this research to identify the required additional equipment. Sampling method and interviews have been used to identify the type and the potential quantity of the alternative fuels within range of the factory. It is expected that this research forecast how much the production cost can be reduced.

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Kapal adalah transportasi laut yang umumnya menggunakan bahan bakar MDO Marine Diesel Oil. Permasalahan timbul saat asap hasil pembakaran terbuang di udara bebas. Setelah itu IMO International Maritime Organization sebagai organisasi induk maritim dunia juga mengamandemen regulasi mengenai penggunaan bahan bakar yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Hal ini membuat negara - negara di dunia membuat regulasi yang sesuai dengan amandemen IMO. Indonesia tidak ketinggalan untuk memperbaharui regulasi maritim-nya agar sesuai dengan regulasi yang di amandemen oleh IMO. Namun, Indonesia dengan peraturan Menteri ESDM nomor 12 tahun 2015 belum menerapkan peraturan tersebut dengan sempurna. Disini penulis mencoba untuk analisa skenario dimana penulis mengambil acuan dari projek-projek dari negara yang berhasil menggunakan biodiesel untuk kapal. Analisa projek-projek tersebut menggunakan metode AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process

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ABSTRACT
Ships are sea transportation which generally use MDO Marine Diesel Oil fuel. The problem arises when the burning smoke is wasted in the free air. Thereafter IMO International Maritime Organization as the world 39s maritime parent organization also amends regulations on the use of more environmentally friendly fuels. This makes countries in the world make regulations in accordance with IMO amendments. Indonesia does not miss to renew its maritime regulations to comply with IMO 39s amendment regulations. However, Indonesia with the regulation of Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources number 12 of 2015 has not implemented the regulation perfectly. Here the author tries to analyze scenarios in which the authors take reference from projects from countries that successfully use biodiesel for ships using AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process.

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Pertambahan jumlah penduduk Indonesia berbanding lurus dengan kebutuhan manusia yang berakibat pada kenaikan jumlah industri yang menghasilkan limbah padat. Limbah padat industri dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai Alternative Fuel and Raw Material (AFR) untuk industri semen. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode perancangan yang bertujuan untuk merancang platform pengolahan limbah padat industri menjadi AFR dengan pengolahan yang tepat dan estimasi biaya yang sesuai. Jenis limbah yang digunakan dalam perancangan adalah Bottom Ash & Fly Ash, Contaminated Goods, Oil Sludge, Waste Paint, dan WWT Sludge. Limbah yang digunakan harus memenuhi kriteria limbah yang dapat diterima menjadi AFR. Beberapa kriteria tersebut antara lain nilai kalor, kadar air, kadar sulfur, kadar klorin, dan kadar merkuri. Untuk memenuhi kriteria tersebut dilakukan pengolahan dengan cara pencacahan dan pencampuran limbah dengan efisiensi pengolahan 95%. Kebutuhan AFR yang dibutuhkan oleh PT. ITP Tbk adalah sebesar 300 ton/ hari. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tersebut, maka dilakukan pengolahan yang terbagi menjadi 2 shift, dengan waktu operasional setiap shiftnya adalah 7 jam. Dengan kapasitas pengolahan limbah sebesar 13 ton/ jam, maka dalam 1 hari pengolahan tersebut dilakukan sebanyak 28 batch/ hari. Apabila kapasitas pengolahan limbah sebesar 9 ton/ jam, maka dalam 1 hari pengolahan tersebut dilakukan sebanyak 26 batch/ hari. Mesin pengolahan yang digunakan adalah primary shredder dan secondary shredder. Alat pendukung lainnya yang digunakan antara lain forklift dengan kapasitas 8 ton, wheel loader dengan kapasitas 9 ton, belt conveyor, dan hopper. Untuk perhitungan estimasi biaya yang dilakukan dalam perancangan platform pengolahan limbah menjadi AFR dengan kapasitas pengolahan 13 ton/ jam terdiri dari biaya investasi sebesar Rp. 46.929.923.400,00,- biaya tenaga kerja sebesar Rp. 8.536.916.760,00,- biaya operasional sebesar Rp. 5.517.993.520,- dan biaya pemeliharaan sebesar Rp. 738.759.020,-. Apabila kapasitas pengolahan 9 ton/ jam maka biaya investasi sebesar Rp. 46.283.048.900,00,- biaya tenaga kerja sebesar Rp. 9.136.916.760,00,- biaya operasional sebesar Rp. 6.278.356.720,- dan biaya pemeliharaan sebesar Rp. 665.830.556,-.

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Indonesia's population growth is diectly proportional to human needs which results in an increase in the number of industries that produce solid waste. Industrial solid waste can be used as Alternative Fuel and Raw Material (AFR) for the cement industry. The study was conducted with a design method that aims to design an industrial solid waste treatment platform into AFR with appropriate processing and appropriate cost estimates. The types of waste used in the design are Bottom ash & fly ash, contaminated goods, sludge oil, waste paint, and WWT sludge. The waste used must meet the acceptance criteria that can be used as AFR. Some of these criteria include heating balue, water content, sulfur content, chlorine levels, and mercury levels. To fulfill the criteria, processing is carried out by shredding and mixing waste with a processing efficiency of 95%. AFR needs needed by PT. ITP Tbk is 300 tons/ day. To meet these needs, the processing is divided into 2 shift, with the operational time of each shift being 7 hours. With a waste treatment capacity of 13 tons/ hour, 28 batches/ day will be processed in 1 day. The processing machine used is the primary shredder and secondary shredder. Other supporting tools used include 8 tons of forklift, 9 tons of wheel loaders, conveyor belts, and hoppers. For the calculation of the estimated cost carried out in the design of a waste processing platform to become an AFR with a processing capacity of 13 tons/ hour an investment cost of Rp. 46.929.923.400,00,- labor costs of Rp. 8.536.916.760,00,- operational costs of Rp. 5.517.993.520,- and maintenance costs of Rp. 738.759.020,-. If the processing capacity is 9 tons/hour, the investment cost is Rp. 46.283.048.900,00,- labor costs of Rp. 9.136.916.760,00,- operational costs of Rp. 6.278.356.720,- and maintenance costs of Rp. 665.830.556,-.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Pertambahan jumlah penduduk Indonesia berbanding lurus dengan kebutuhan manusia yang akan berakibat pada kenaikan jumlah industri yang menghasilkan limbah padat. Limbah padat industri dapat dimanfaatkan menjadi Alternative Fuel and Raw Material (AFR) dalam proses pembuatan semen. Limbah padat industri tersebut harus diolah agar memenuhi acceptance criteria AFR untuk industri semen sehingga dibutuhkan platform sebagai tempat pengumpul dan pengolah limbah industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang pengumpulan limbah padat industri dari waste generator ke platform dan pengangkutan AFR dari platform ke PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa (ITP) Tbk serta menghitung estimasi biaya yang dibutuhkan dalam perancangan. Penelitian dengan pendekatan kuantitatif metode historis ini didasarkan pada rutinitas pengumpulan limbah padat industri berdasarkan data sekunder kedatangan limbah 1 Januari-8 Juni 2018 dari PT ITP Tbk. Jenis limbah yang digunakan pada perancangan ini adalah bottom ash & fly ash, contaminated goods, oil sludge, waste paint, dan WWT sludge yang berasal dari industri di wilayah Jabotabek dan Karawang. Perancangan pengumpulan limbah padat industri dilakukan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan AFR PT ITP Tbk sebesar 300 ton/hari dengan kebutuhan alat angkut berupa 12 unit wing box truck 18 ton. Sedangkan kebutuhan alat angkut dalam perancangan pengangkutan AFR ke industri semen berupa 2 unit dump truck 30 ton atau 3 unit dump truck 18 ton. Pada perancangan ini juga dibutuhkan 1 unit forklift 3 ton, wheel loader, jembatan timbang 60 ton, serta timbangan digital 5 ton. Estimasi biaya perancangan opsi pertama menggunakan dump truck 30 ton adalah biaya investasi sebesar Rp 10.559.969.000, biaya tenaga kerja sebesar Rp 1.354.000.000/tahun, dan biaya operasi dan pemeliharaan sebesar Rp 2.188.057.600/tahun. Sedangkan estimasi biaya perancangan opsi kedua menggunakan dump truck 18 ton adalah biaya investasi sebesar Rp 11.099.289.000, biaya tenaga kerja sebesar Rp 1.450.000.000/tahun, dan biaya operasi dan pemeliharaan sebesar Rp 2.215.494.000/tahun.

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ABSTRACT
Indonesias population growth is directly proportional to human needs which result in an increase in the number of industries that produce solid waste. Industrial solid waste can be used as Alternative Fuel and Raw Material (AFR) for cement manufacturing process. Industrial solid waste must be processed to fulfill the AFR acceptance criteria for cement industry so the platform is needed as a place for collecting and processing industrial waste. This study aims to design the collection of industrial solid waste from the waste generator to platform and transportation of AFR from platform to PT Indocement Tunggal Prakarsa (ITP) Tbk and calculate the estimated cost of the design. This study with the quantitative approach of historical method is based on the routine of industrial solid waste collection based on secondary data about waste arrival 1 January 2018-8 June 2018 from PT ITP Tbk. The types of waste that used in this design are bottom ash & fly ash, contaminated goods, oil sludge, waste paint, and WWT sludge from industries in Jabotabek and Karawang regions. The design of industrial solid waste collection is carried out to fulfill PT ITP Tbk's AFR needs of 300 tons/day with transportation equipment needs are 12 units of 18 tons wing box truck. Transportation equipment needs for the design of AFR transportation to the cement industry are 2 units of 30 tons dump truck or 3 units of 18 tons dump truck. In this design also need 1 unit of 3 tons forklift, wheel loader, 60 tons weighbridge, and 5 tons digital scales. The estimated cost for first option design with 30 tons dump trucks are Rp 10.559.969.000,- for investment cost, Rp 1.354.000.000,-/year for labor cost, and Rp 2.188.057.600/year for operating and maintenance cost. The estimated cost for second option design with 18 tons dump trucks are Rp 11.099.289.000,- for investment cost, Rp 1.450.000.000/year for labor cost, and Rp 2.215.494.000,-/year for operating and maintenance cost.

Abstrak :
The onset of climate change has resulted in the development of strategies which try to mitigate the excessive generation of carbon dioxide (CO2). The trasnport sector for example, which contributes more than 10% of the global CO2 emmision, is promoting the use of biofuels in order to improve a nation's energy security and to reduce the sector's carbon footprint. Biofuels which are sourced from agricultural feedstocks will require more water resources than their fossil fuel counterparts and with climate change affecting rainfall patterns, it is expected that water resources will become more scarce. A fuzzy multi-objjective mathematical model for optimizing the biofuel supply chain in consideration of multiple regions is developed in this paper. The model seeks to identify how resources should be allocated in the presence of regional water constraints to satisfy the growing demand for biofuels. A case study on bioethanol produced from different indigenous feedstocks in three Asian countries is presented to demonstratee the capabilities of the model.

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Transportation, as a part of the supply chain process, contributes to carbon emission which leads to climate change and global warming. This environmental issue gives an impact to decisions regarding the supply chain of a company. One way to deal with this issue is by analyzing their vehicle routing problem. In this study, the issue about routing problems in green supply chain by considering the heterogeneous fleet is being discussed. One variant of Green Vehicle Routing Problem (GVRP) reviewed in this paper is about Heterogeneous Alternative Fuel Vehicles for Green Vehicle Routing Problem (HAFVGVRP). The purpose of this study is to review the development of GVRP with heterogeneous alternative fuel vehicles and the gap or state-of-the-art on existing researches. The review was classified according to the objectives, type of fleet, and solution used. Moreover, this study also presents the trend and direction of further research.