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"[Penelitian mengenai menara gereja Protestan tahun 1901-1942 di Jakarta,Bandung, Semarang, dan Surabaya dilakukan karena menara gereja dapatmemperlihatkan ciri arsitektur kolonial. Dua belas menara gereja dipakai danmenjadi sumber data pnelitian ini, yaitu dua menara GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, empatmenara GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, satu menara GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, satu menaraGPIB Bethel-Bandung, satu menara GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, satu menara GKITaman Cibunut-Bandung, satu menara GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, dan satumenara GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. Semuanya merupakan menara gereja Protestanyang dibangun pada masa Hindia Belanda. Penelitian ini diawali denganpengumpulan data dengan cara mendeskripsikan unsur bangunan yang dijadikanunit analisis, yaitu menara gereja serta komponen bangunan yang ada padanya.Kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menganalisisnya dengan cara memperbandingkandan melihat persamaan dan perbedaannya. Penarikan kesimpulan dilakukandengan mengintegrasikan komponen yang ada pada menara gereja. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa menara gereja Protestan tahun 1901-1942 diJakarta, Bandung, Semarang, dan Surabaya bercirikan arsitektur Indis dan ArtDeco, terlihat dari komponen bentuk, ukuran, denah, pintu, jendela, lubangventilasi, ornamen, serta lonceng atau jam.;This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung,Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one ofarchitectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture.Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two churchtowers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, onechurch tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung,one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI TamanCibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and onechurch tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during theDutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the waymaking description of data collected from churches tower and its components.Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities anddifferences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed fromit. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 periodin Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indisarchitecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout,door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock.;This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung,Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one ofarchitectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture.Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two churchtowers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, onechurch tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung,one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI TamanCibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and onechurch tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during theDutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the waymaking description of data collected from churches tower and its components.Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities anddifferences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed fromit. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 periodin Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indisarchitecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout,door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock.;This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung,Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one ofarchitectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture.Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two churchtowers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, onechurch tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung,one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI TamanCibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and onechurch tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during theDutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the waymaking description of data collected from churches tower and its components.Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities anddifferences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed fromit. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 periodin Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indisarchitecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout,door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock.;This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung,Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one ofarchitectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture.Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two churchtowers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, onechurch tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung,one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI TamanCibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and onechurch tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during theDutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the waymaking description of data collected from churches tower and its components.Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities anddifferences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed fromit. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 periodin Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indisarchitecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout,door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock., This research on tower of the Protestant church in 1901-1942 in Jakarta, Bandung,Semarang and Surabaya is conducted since church tower is considered as one ofarchitectural components that can show the characteristic of colonial architecture.Twelve church towers are taken as the subject of this research, namely two churchtowers of GPIB Pniel-Jakarta, four church towers of GPIB Koinonia-Jakarta, onechurch tower of GPIB Paulus-Jakarta, one church tower of GPIB Bethel-Bandung,one church tower of GPIB Maranatha-Bandung, one church tower of GKI TamanCibunut-Bandung, one church tower of GKI Gereformeerd-Semarang, and onechurch tower of GPIB Immanuel-Surabaya. These churches are built during theDutch East Indies period. This research started with collecting data in the waymaking description of data collected from churches tower and its components.Data that are collected is analysed by comparing to see the similarities anddifferences, and conclusion is done by integrating the components revealed fromit. This research result shows that Protestant church tower from 1901-1942 periodin Jakarta, Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya are characterized by Indisarchitecture and Art Deco components that can be seen on the shape, size, layout,door, window, ventilation holes, ornaments, and bell or clock.]"

"Dutch colonial architecture in the Netherlands East Indies"

"Bangunan Hotel Niagara pada masanya merupakan bangunan rumah tinggal yang paling tinggi dan paling megah di lingkungan tempat bangunan ini didirikan. Dirancang oleh arsitek F.J. Pinedo dan memulai pembangunan pada akhir abad 19 hingga awal abad 20 bersamaan dengan masa berkembangnya gaya arsitektur di Indonesia. Arsitek-arsitek pada masa itu dilanda wabah pembaharuan menentang arsitektur sebelumnya yang dianggap cenderung baku, kaku, angkuh, dan tidak sesuai dengan zaman baru. Bedasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penerapan gaya bangunan Hotel Niagara yang dibangun pada masa peralihan pandangan arsitektur dari gaya Indische Empire ke arah yang lebih modern. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskripsi dengan membagi bangunan secara vertikal, dilanjutkan proses analisis dengan mengklasifikasikan tiap komponen bangunan (struktural, fungsional, dan ornamental) bedasarkan bentuk dan ruangnya. Tahap terakhir yaitu penafsiran data termasuk didalamnya membandingkan objek penelitian dengan bangunan lain yang didirikan oleh arsitek F.J Pinedo yaitu rumah Tan Hie Sioe dan bangunan BII Surabaya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa bangunan Hotel Niagara memiliki gabungan dari gaya Indische Empire Style, Empire Style, Art Deco, Art Nouveau, dan Art Bouwen....... The Hotel Niagara Lawang designed by architect F.J. Pinedo, was a towering and grand residential building of its time. Constructed during the transition from the 19th to the 20th century, along with the development of architectural style in Indonesia. The architects of that era challenged the rigidity of previous architectural styles that were deemed incompatible with the new era. This study aims to find out how the Hotel Niagara building style was applied, which was built during a period of changing architectural views from the Indische Empire Style to a modern direction. To achieve this goal, the study employed a descriptive approach, dividing the building vertically and analyzing each building component (structural, functional, and ornamental) according to its shape and space. The final stage is the interpretation of the data, including comparing the research objects with other buildings built by architect F.J. Pinedo, such as Rumah Tan Hie Sioe and the BII Surabaya building. The findings of the study reveal that the Hotel Niagara building has a combination of Indische Empire Style, Empire Style, Art Deco, Art Nouveau, and Art Bouwen."

"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai bentuk dan gaya bangunan Panti Asuhan Vincentius Putra, Jakarta. Tujuan penelitian ini berupaya untuk mengungkapkan adanya persamaan dengan komponen arsitektur yang ada di Eropa dan pada bangunan kolonial di Hindia Belanda serta gaya arsitekturnya. Data yang dikumpulkan melalui observasi kemudian diolah didalam analisis. Pada tahap interpretasi dihasilkan bahwa bangunan ini tidak lepas dari komponen arsitektur Eropa dan komponen yang memiliki kesamaan dengan bangunan kolonial di Hindia Belanda lebih kepada bentuk fungsional sebagai suatu bentuk penyesuaian terhadap iklim tropis dan komponen lainnya memiliki kesamaan dan menjadi ciri dari karya biro arsitek yang juga merancang bangunan ini."

"Bangunan Rumah Sakit Kristen Mojowarno merupakan bangunan kolonial yang difungsikan sebagai rumah sakit misionaris terletak di Kabupaten Jombang, Jawa Timur. Bangunan tersebut didirikan pada akhir abad ke-19 yang banyak mengalami perubahan di berbagai aspek kehidupan termasuk arsitektur bangunan. Penelitian ini berusaha mengidentifikasi bentuk dan gaya arsitektur serta pengaruh budaya yang diterapkan pada bangunan Rumah Sakit Kristen Mojowarno. Metode yang digunakan merujuk pada tahapan penelitian arkeologi oleh Robert H. Sharer dan Wendy Ashmore, yang terdiri atas formulasi, implementasi, pengumpulan data, pengolahan data, analisis dan interpretasi. Tahap pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka dan studi lapangan. Tahap pengolahan data dan analisis data dilakukan dengan mendeskripsikan data secara verbal dan piktorial, lalu dianalisis berdasarkan bentuk komponen bangunan. Kemudian, tahap interpretasi adalah membandingkan hasil analisis dengan komponen arsitektur bangunan kolonial lain pada akhir abad ke-19 sehingga dapat menjawab masalah penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bangunan Rumah Sakit Kristen Mojowarno mempunyai arsitektur Gaya Peralihan (1890—1910) yang dipengaruhi budaya lokal (Jawa) dan budaya Eropa.......The Rumah Sakit Kristen Mojowarno building is a colonial building that functioned as a missionary hospital located in Jombang Regency, East Java. The building was built towards the end of the 19th century, and it has undergone numerous modifications in all elements of life, including its architecture. This study aimed to determine the architectural forms and styles, as well as the cultural influences, used in the building of the Rumah Sakit Kristen Mojowarno. The method used in this study refers to the stages of archaeological research by Robert H. Sharer and Wendy Ashmore, which consists of formulation, implementation, data collection, data processing, analysis, and interpretation. The data collection stage was carried out through literature studies and field studies. The data processing and data analysis stage was carried out by describing the data verbally and pictorially, which was then examined based on the shape of the building components. Then, the interpretation stage was shown to compare the results of the analysis with the architectural components of other colonial buildings at the end of the 19th century so that they can answer the research problem. The results showed that the Rumah Sakit Kristen Mojowarno building had a Transitional Style of architecture (1890—1910) which was influenced by local culture (Javanese) and European culture."

"Makalah ini membahas salah satu bangunan peninggalan Belanda di Surabaya yang hingga kini masih aktif digunakan sebagai tempat ibadah umat katolik. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan gaya arsitektur Neo-Gotik yang diaplikasikan pada eksterior bangunan Gereja Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria di Surabaya. Gaya Neo-Gotik merupakan gaya yang di bawa masuk oleh orang Belanda pada masa Hindia-Belanda. Metode yang digunakan ialah metode deskriptif analisis. Hasil penelitian berupa paparan ciri gaya arsitektur Neo-Gotik pada gereja Kelahiran Santa Perawan Maria Surabaya tergambar dari komponen arsitektural dan komponen ornamen bangunan seperti penggunaan batu bata, rose windows, kaca mozaik, windowsill dan sebagainya.......This paper discusses one of the Dutch heritage buildings in Surabaya which is still actively used as a place of worship for Catholics. This paper aims to describe the Neo-Gothic style of architecture that was applied to the exterior of the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Surabaya. Neo-Gothic style is a style that was brought in by the Dutch during the Dutch East Indies. The method used is descriptive analysis method. The results of research in the form of exposure to the characteristics of Neo-Gothic style architecture at the Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Surabaya are illustrated from the architectural components and building ornament components such as the use of bricks, rose windows, mosaic glass, windowsill and so on."