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Abstrak :
Disertasi ini membahas perkembangan konflik dan polarisasi politik Eropa pada awal abad XIX pasca Revolusi Prancis 1789 yang berimbas ke wilayah Hindia Timur, koloni Belanda, sekutu terkuat Prancis. Perseteruan kedua kubu berujung pada Perang-perang Koalisi yang meminta banyak korban. Traktat Amiens yang ditandatangani pada tahun 1802 merupakan upaya untuk mewujudkan perdamaian di Eropa. Traktat ini berisi kesepakatan penguasaan atas wilayah pihak-pihak yang berseteru, termasuk Hindia Timur sebagai wilayah koloni Belanda yang terbawa ikut dalam perseteruan antara Prancis-Belanda dan Inggris. Namun perang pecah kembali, sehingga Prancis dan Belanda berupaya untuk mempertahankan Hindia Timur dari serangan Inggris sementara Inggris berusaha untuk merebut Hindia Timur agar posisinya di Asia aman dari ancaman Prancis dan Belanda. Daendels pun dikirim ke wilayah koloni dengan tugas pokok mengamankan Jawa dari serangan Inggris. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi di Hindia Timur tidak terlepas dari situasi yang berkembang di Eropa, meskipun kemudian tampuk pimpinan dialihkan kepada Janssens yang akhirnya menyerah kepada Inggris tujuh bulan kemudian

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This dissertation analyzes the development of conflicts and political polarization in early 19th Europe and its impact of this development on the Dutch colony, the East Indies. France and Great Britain were involved in conflict following the French Revolution in 1789 and declared war against each other. The Dutch Republic sympathized with France and became its strongest ally. The warring countries tried to make peace in the form of the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. The agreement covered a wide territory in Europe, Asia and America, including the East Indies. When war broke out again between France and Great Britain, Daendels was sent to the colony to defend it from the British. But after just three years he was called back to Europe and succeeded by Janssens who nullified Daendels rsquo; earlier efforts to defend Java and his own efforts when it fell to the British seven months later.

Abstrak :
This paper looks at an early nineteenth-century Malay letter from a land of exile, Ceylon (present Sri Lanka). The letter, written in Colombo, was dated 3 January 1807 and is in Leiden University Library MS Cod.Or.2241-I 25 [Klt 21/no.526]. It was written by Siti Hapipa, the widow of the exiled Sultan Fakhruddin Abdul Khair al-Mansur Baginda Usman Batara Tangkana Gowa, the 26th king of the Gowa Sultanate of South Sulawesi who reigned from 1753 until 1767. He was banished by the Dutch (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC) to Ceylon in 1767 on a charge of conspiracy with the British to oppose the VOC trading monopoly in eastern Indonesia. Although many studies of Malay letters exist, letters from the lands of exile like such as the one discussed in this article have received less scholarly attention. Also remarkable is that this is one of the rare eighteenth- and nineteenth-centuries Malay letters written by a female. Setting the scene with a historical sketch of the eighteenth and the early nineteenth century in colonial Ceylon and the Netherlands East Indies, this paper provides the transliteration of Siti Hapipa?s letter in Roman script, through which I then analyse the socio-economic and political aspects of the family of Sultan Fakhruddin in their exile in Colombo.

Abstrak :
This paper looks at an early nineteenth-century Malay letter from a land of exile, Ceylon (present Sri Lanka). The letter, written in Colombo, was dated 3 January 1807 and is in Leiden University Library MS Cod.Or.2241-I 25 [Klt 21/no.526]. It was written by Siti Hapipa, the widow of the exiled Sultan Fakhruddin Abdul Khair al-Mansur Baginda Usman Batara Tangkana Gowa, the 26th king of the Gowa Sultanate of South Sulawesi who reigned from 1753 until 1767. He was banished by the Dutch (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie, VOC) to Ceylon in 1767 on a charge of conspiracy with the British to oppose the VOC trading monopoly in eastern Indonesia. Although many studies of Malay letters exist, letters from the lands of exile like such as the one discussed in this article have received less scholarly attention. Also remarkable is that this is one of the rare eighteenth- and nineteenth-centuries Malay letters written by a female. Setting the scene with a historical sketch of the eighteenth and the early nineteenth century in colonial Ceylon and the Netherlands East Indies, this paper provides the transliteration of Siti Hapipa?s letter in Roman script, through which I then analyse the socio-economic and political aspects of the family of Sultan Fakhruddin in their exile in Colombo.