Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

Abstrak :
Tahun 2017 Balai Besar Wilayah Sungai Citarum mencatat pencemaran Sungai Citarum terutama daerah hulu DAS terus mengalami peningkatan yang ditandai penurunan kualitas air secara signifikan. Menurut laporan, 47,1% DAS Citarum Hulu mengalami pencemaran berat dengan total cemaran mencapai 280 ton limbah setiap harinya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis indeks kerentanan yang meliputi: variasi sumberdaya air, kelangkaan air, eksploitasi air, pencemaran air, kapasitas alam, kapasitas fisik, modal sosial, dan kapasitas ekonomi. Hasil analisis kerentanan tersebut menjadi dasar perumusan strategi intervensi untuk menjaga keberlanjutan fungsi eksosistem sungai di wilayah DAS Citarum Hulu.Metode riset yang digunakan adalah kombinasi antara metode analisis spasial, analisis statistik, SEM dan kuisioner. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai indeks kerentanan sebesar 1 yang berarti bahwa kondisi lingkungan di wilayah DAS Citarum Hulu sangat buruk dan diperlukan restorasi wilayah sungai. Kondisi ini mengharuskan berbagai pihak untuk melakukan strategi intervensi yang meliputi aspek sosial, kebijakan, dan teknologi untuk menjaga keberlanjutan fungsi ekologisnya. ......In 2017, the Citarum River Basin Center noted that pollution of the Citarum River, especially the upstream watershed, continued to experience an increase marked by a significant decrease. 47.1% of the Upper Citarum watershed is polluted with a total of 280 tons of waste per day. This study aims to analyze the vulnerability index which includes: variations in water resources, water scarcity, water exploitation, water pollution, natural capacity, physical capacity, social capital, and economic capacity. The results of the vulnerability analysis are the basis to maintain the sustainable. The research method used is a combination of spatial analysis methods, statistical analysis, SEM and questionnaires. The results showed a vulnerability index value of 1, which means the environmental conditions in the Upper Citarum watershed area are bad and require restoration. This condition requires various parties to carry out intervention strategies covering social, policy and technological aspects to maintain the sustainability.

Abstrak :
Sub-DAS Citarum Hulu merupakan daerah aliran sungai, area penelitian menjadi salah satu sumber air bagi masyarakat Bandung. Sub-DAS Citarum Hulu memiliki permasalahan utama terkait dengan erosi, sedimentasi, aliran sungai yang tercemar, banjir, dan lahan kritis. Banjir merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang sering terjadi, hal ini didukung oleh respon dari curah hujan semakin meningkat, kondisi geologi, dan vegetasi pada area penelitian. Informasi potensi resiko banjir dapat diketahui dengan melakukan analisis terhadap kerapatan pengaliran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis permasalahan tersebut berdasarkan kontrol faktor geologi, iklim, dan vegetasi terhadap kerapatan pengaliran. Hasil analisis didapatkan dari korelasi regresi menggunakan data curah hujan, DEMNAS, Citra Landsat 8, dan data tutupan lahan untuk mengetahui hubungan kerapatan pengaliran dengan setiap parameter, serta dapat diketahui faktor paling dominan mengontrol kerapatan pengaliran pada sub-DAS Citarum Hulu. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, didapatkan bahwa korelasi regresi negatif ditunjukkan pada kontrol geologi, dimana hubungan antar parameter memiliki perbandingan berbanding terbalik, yaitu ketika wilayah dengan kerapatan kelurusan rendah, maka wilayah akan memiliki kerapatan pengaliran tinggi, dan terjadi sebaliknya. Sedangkan korelasi regresi positif ditunjukkan pada kontrol iklim dan vegetasi, dimana hubungan memiliki perbandingan saling berbanding lurus, yaitu ketika wilayah dengan tingkat curah hujan tinggi, kerapatan vegetasi semakin rapat, maka wilayah akan memiliki kerapatan pengaliran tinggi. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor pengontrol paling mendominasi pada sub-DAS Citarum Hulu yaitu faktor geologi ditinjau dari kerapatan kelurusan. Hal ini didukung oleh nilai koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,8737 menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antar kedua parameter sangat kuat. Jadi, dengan mengetahui kerapatan pengaliran pada daerah penelitian maka informasi terkait karakeristik dari DAS juga dapat diketahui dan memberikan manfaat terhadap penanggulangan banjir. ......The Upper Citarum sub-watershed is a watershed, and the research area is a source of water for the people of Bandung. The Upper Citarum sub-watershed has major problems related to erosion, sedimentation, polluted river flows, flooding, and critical land. Flooding is one of the problems that often occurs, this is supported by the response to increasing rainfall, the geological conditions, and the vegetation in the research area. Information on the potential risk of flooding can be identified by analyzing the drainage density. This study aims to analyze these problems based on the control of geological, climatic, and vegetation factors on drainage density. The results of the analysis were obtained from regression correlation using rainfall data, DEMNAS, Landsat 8 imagery, and land cover data to determine the relationship between drainage density and each parameter, and to determine the most dominant factor controlling drainage density in the Upper Citarum sub-watershed. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the negative regression correlation was shown in the geological control, where the relationship between parameters has an inverse ratio, that is, when an area with low structural density, the area will have a high drainage density, and vice versa. While the positive regression correlation is shown in climate and vegetation controls, where the relationship has a direct proportional comparison, that is, when an area with a high level of rainfall, the density of vegetation is denser, then the area will have a high drainage density. So it can be concluded that the controlling factor dominates the Upper Citarum sub-watershed, namely geological factors in terms of structural density. This is supported by the correlation coefficient value of 0.8737, indicating that the relationship between the two parameters is very strong. So, by knowing the density of drainage in the study area, information related to the characteristics of the watershed can also be known, which can provide benefits for flood prevention.

Abstrak :
Sub-DAS Citarum Hulu merupakan daerah aliran sungai, area penelitian menjadi salah satu sumber air bagi masyarakat Bandung. Sub-DAS Citarum Hulu memiliki permasalahan utama terkait dengan erosi, sedimentasi, aliran sungai yang tercemar, banjir, dan lahan kritis. Banjir merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang sering terjadi, hal ini didukung oleh respon dari curah hujan semakin meningkat, kondisi geologi, dan vegetasi pada area penelitian. Informasi potensi resiko banjir dapat diketahui dengan melakukan analisis terhadap kerapatan pengaliran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis permasalahan tersebut berdasarkan kontrol faktor geologi, iklim, dan vegetasi terhadap kerapatan pengaliran. Hasil analisis didapatkan dari korelasi regresi menggunakan data curah hujan, DEMNAS, Citra Landsat 8, dan data tutupan lahan untuk mengetahui hubungan kerapatan pengaliran dengan setiap parameter, serta dapat diketahui faktor paling dominan mengontrol kerapatan pengaliran pada sub-DAS Citarum Hulu. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, didapatkan bahwa korelasi regresi negatif ditunjukkan pada kontrol geologi, dimana hubungan antar parameter memiliki perbandingan berbanding terbalik, yaitu ketika wilayah dengan kerapatan kelurusan rendah, maka wilayah akan memiliki kerapatan pengaliran tinggi, dan terjadi sebaliknya. Sedangkan korelasi regresi positif ditunjukkan pada kontrol iklim dan vegetasi, dimana hubungan memiliki perbandingan saling berbanding lurus, yaitu ketika wilayah dengan tingkat curah hujan tinggi, kerapatan vegetasi semakin rapat, maka wilayah akan memiliki kerapatan pengaliran tinggi. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa faktor pengontrol paling mendominasi pada sub-DAS Citarum Hulu yaitu faktor geologi ditinjau dari kerapatan kelurusan. Hal ini didukung oleh nilai koefisien korelasi sebesar 0,8737 menunjukkan bahwa hubungan antar kedua parameter sangat kuat. Jadi, dengan mengetahui kerapatan pengaliran pada daerah penelitian maka informasi terkait karakeristik dari DAS juga dapat diketahui dan memberikan manfaat terhadap penanggulangan banjir. ......The Upper Citarum sub-watershed is a watershed, and the research area is a source of water for the people of Bandung. The Upper Citarum sub-watershed has major problems related to erosion, sedimentation, polluted river flows, flooding, and critical land. Flooding is one of the problems that often occurs, this is supported by the response to increasing rainfall, the geological conditions, and the vegetation in the research area. Information on the potential risk of flooding can be identified by analyzing the drainage density. This study aims to analyze these problems based on the control of geological, climatic, and vegetation factors on drainage density. The results of the analysis were obtained from regression correlation using rainfall data, DEMNAS, Landsat 8 imagery, and land cover data to determine the relationship between drainage density and each parameter, and to determine the most dominant factor controlling drainage density in the Upper Citarum sub-watershed. Based on the results of the analysis, it was found that the negative regression correlation was shown in the geological control, where the relationship between parameters has an inverse ratio, that is, when an area with low structural density, the area will have a high drainage density, and vice versa. While the positive regression correlation is shown in climate and vegetation controls, where the relationship has a direct proportional comparison, that is, when an area with a high level of rainfall, the density of vegetation is denser, then the area will have a high drainage density. So it can be concluded that the controlling factor dominates the Upper Citarum sub-watershed, namely geological factors in terms of structural density. This is supported by the correlation coefficient value of 0.8737, indicating that the relationship between the two parameters is very strong. So, by knowing the density of drainage in the study area, information related to the characteristics of the watershed can also be known, which can provide benefits for flood prevention.

Abstrak :
DAS Citarum Hulu DAS Citarum termasuk ke dalam wilayah Perencanaan Sumberdaya Air Wilayah Sungai (PSDWS) sejak tahun 2016, yang berfungsi sebagai daerah tangkapan air utama dari keseluruhan Sungai Citarum. Ditambah lagi DAS Citarum Hulu mengalami pengembangan secara pesat dan dimanfaatkan sebagai daerah pemukiman, pertanian, pertanian, dan industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyimulasikan pencemaran paramater BOD, COD, dan TSS di keseleruhan DAS Citarum Hulu menganalisis sensitivitas parameter permodelan kualitas air sungai DAS Citarum Hulu dengan QUAL2KW. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode QUAL2KW. Kondisi eksisting pada Sungai Wangsisagara memiliki konsentrasi BOD yang memenuhi baku mutu, yaitu masih di bawah 12 mg/l, sementara pada lokasi pengujian lainnya mengandung konsentrasi BOD yang melebihi baku mutu. Sungai Wangisagara mengandung konsentrasi COD yang memenuhi baku mutu kelas 3, dan Jembatan Koyod, Sungai setelah IPAL Cisarung, dan Sungai Nanjung memenuhi baku mutu kelas 4. Untuk konsentrasi TSS, pada Sungai Wangisagara memenuhi baku mutu kelas 1, Sungai setelah IPAL Cisarung masih memenuhi baku mutu kelas 3, dan pada Jembatan Koyod dan Sungai Nanjung berada pada kelas 4. Jumlah beban pencemar yang berasal dari air limbah domestik memiliki total beban pencemar BOD sebesar 13,6 juta kg/tahun, COD sebesar 2,6 juta kg/tahun, dan TSS sebesar 40,9 kg/tahun. Hasil analisis sensitivitas terhadap simulasi BOD adalah konsentrasi DO diffuse source, konsentrasi BOD diffuse source, dan debit pencemar diffuse source; COD adalah konsentrasi DO diffuse source, konsentrasi COD diffuse source, dan debit pencemar diffuse source; TSS adalah konsentrasi DO diffuse source, konsentrasi TSS diffuse source, dan debit pencemar diffuse source; DO pada DAS Citarum Hulu segmen Cirawa – Nanjung konsentrasi DO diffuse source, oxygen temperature correction, dan lebar dasar sungai. ......The Upper Citarum Watershed The Citarum River Basin is included in the River Basin Water Resources Planning (PSDWS) area since 2016, the Upper Citarum watershed functions as the main water catchment area of ​​the entire Citarum River. In addition, the Upper Citarum watershed is experiencing rapid development and is used as a residential, agricultural, agricultural and industrial area. This study aims to simulate the contamination of BOD, COD, and TSS parameters in the entire Upper Citarum watershed to analyze the sensitivity of the water quality modeling parameters of the Upper Citarum Watershed with QUAL2KW. This research was conducted using the QUAL2KW method. The existing condition on the Wangsisgara River has a BOD concentration that meets the quality standard, which is still below 12 mg/l, while at other test locations it contains a BOD concentration that exceeds the quality standard. The Wangisagara River contains COD concentrations that meet the class 3 quality standard, and the Koyod Bridge, the River after the Cisarung WWTP, and the Nanjung River meet the class 4 quality standard. class 3 quality, and on the Koyod Bridge and Nanjung River it is in class 4. The total pollutant load originating from domestic wastewater has a total pollutant load of 13.6 million kg/year BOD, 2.6 million kg/year COD, and TSS of 40.9 kg/year. The results of the sensitivity analysis on the BOD simulation are the DO diffuse source concentration, the diffuse source BOD concentration, and the diffuse source pollutant discharge; COD is a diffuse source DO concentration, a diffuse source COD concentration, and a diffuse source pollutant discharge; TSS is a diffuse source DO concentration, diffuse source TSS concentration, and diffuse source pollutant discharge; DO in the Upper Citarum watershed in the Cirawa – Nanjung segment, DO concentration is diffuse source, oxygen temperature correction, and riverbed width.

Abstrak :
DAS Citarum hulu termasuk ke dalam wilayah Perencanaan Sumberdaya Air Wilayah Sungai (PSDWS) sejak tahun 2016, yang berfungsi sebagai daerah tangkapan air utama dari Sungai Citarum. DAS Citarum hulu mengalami pengembangan secara pesat dan dimanfaatkan sebagai daerah pemukiman, pertanian, dan industri. Kondisi eksisting pada Sungai Citarum hulu memiliki konsentrasi fecal coliform dan total coliform yang berada dibawah baku mutu kelas II untuk fecal coliform 2000 MPN/100 ml dan total coliform 10000 MPN/100 ml. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mensimulasikan pencemaran bakteri fecal coliform dan total coliform di aliran sungai Citarum hulu menggunakan QUAL2Kw, mengevaluasi strategi Rencana Aksi Citarum Harum serta memberikan rekomendasi untuk mempertahankan dan meningkatkan kualitas di DAS Citarum Hulu menggunakan QUAL2Kw, dan menganalisis sensitivitas paramater permodelan pencemaran fecal coliform dan total coliform. Hasil simulasi konsentrasi fecal coliform dan total coliform belum memenuhi baku mutu sungai level II, diatas 2000 MPN/100 ml, dengan memiliki nilai eror sebesar 11802,412 fecal coliform dan 16656,663 total coliform. Hasil simulasi pada skenario Strategi Rencana Aksi Citarum Harum tidak efektif, karena hasil simulasi pada fecal coliform tidak memenuhi baku mutu dan total coliform pada segmen 1 – 10 belum memenuhi baku mutu, pada segmen 11 – 13 memenuhi baku mutu. Pada simulasi skenario II pada fecal coliform segmen 1 – 10 belum memenuhi dan pada segmen 11 – 13 memenuhi baku mutu, pada total coliform segmen 2 – 13 memenuhi baku mutu, tetapi pada segmen 1 belum memenuhi baku mutu dan sudah sangat mendekati baku mutu. Pada skenario III fecal coliform dan total coliform segmen Cirawa – Nanjung sudah berada dibawah baku mutu. Hasil dari analisis sensitivitas untuk konsentrasi fecal coliform dan total coliform, parameter sungai yang paling mempengaruhi pada Manning, Light Eff Factor pengurangan 5%, Bot Width pengurangan 5%, dan slope pengurangan 5%. Pada total coliform parameter sungai yang adalah Manning peningkatan 5% dan penurunan 5%, Bot Width pengurangan 5%, Pathogen Light Eff Factor pengurangan 5%, dan Bot Width peningkatan 5%. ......The upstream of Citarum watershed has been included in the River Basin Water Resources Planning area since 2016, which functions as the main water catchment of ​​the Citarum River. The upstream of Citarum watershed is experiencing rapid development and is used as a residential, agricultural and industrial area. Now, in the upstream of Citarum River have fecal coliform and total coliform concentrations which are below the class II based on PP No. 21 Tahun 2021, the standar number of fecal coliform are 2000 MPN/100 ml and total coliform are 10000 MPN/100 ml. This research aims to simulating fecal coliform and total coliform bacterial contamination in the upstream of Citarum river using QUAL2Kw, evaluating the Citarum Harum Action Plan strategy and providing recommendations to maintain and improve quality in the Upper Citarum watershed using QUAL2Kw, and analyze the sensitivity of the modeling parameters for fecal coliform and total coliform pollution. The simulation results of fecal coliform and total coliform concentrations not qualified based on the river quality standard level II on PP NO. 21 Tahun 2021 which is above 2000 MPN/100 ml, with an error value of 11802.412 for fecal coliform and 16656.663 for total coliform. The simulation results in the Citarum Harum Action Plan Strategy scenario are not effective, because the simulation results on fecal coliforms   not fullfil the quality standards and total coliforms in segments 1-10 also not fullfil the quality standards, but in segments 11-13 meet the quality standards. In scenario II simulation, fecal coliform segments 1-10 not fullfil the standard but in segments 11-13 the fecal coliform fullfil the standard, in total coliform segments 2-13 fullfil the quality standard, however in segment 1, it does not fullfil the quality standard but very close to the number of the quality standard. In scenario III, the fecal coliform and total coliform in the Cirawa – Nanjung segment are already below the quality standard. The results of the sensitivity analysis for the concentration of fecal coliform and total coliform, the river parameters that most influence for the results are Manning, Light Eff Factor with 5% reduction, Bot Width with 5% reduction, and slope with 5% reduction. Meanwhile, in total coliform river parameters the most influential parameters are the incretion of 5% Manning number and decretion 5% manning number, Bot Width with 5% reduction, Pathogen Light Eff Factor with 5% reduction, and Bot Width with 5% increation.

Abstrak :
Rice fields located in Citarum Hilir watershed of Karawang district are more and more affected by growth of residential and industrial areas. This resulted in the need to have supporting rice fields elsewhere including in the upstream region. ln Citarum Hulu watershed, 19,5% fiom the existing rice fields is non-irrigated with 32,l9% of population work in the agriculture sector. But productivity of' non-irrigated rice fields of Citanim Hulu watershed is still low, which is below 25 kwintal/ha. One of the efforts to increase its productivity is to look at the local climate model. The low productivity may also be caused by factors such as slope and altitude, which are used as variables in Wilayah Tanah Usaha (WTU). Sandy (1985) wrote that growth and death of any plant in Indonesia depend on water. Awarding to Chang (1968) every process in a plant is affected by water. Furthermore, FAO believed that the growth requirement of a rice plant is also depended on water availability. Mohr, Schimdt-Ferguson, and Oldeman made climate classifications based on rainfall in relation with plant needs of irrigation. Spatial climate model and planting time/season are important factors in management of non-irrigated rice fields in Citarum Hulu watershed. These rice fields are nou-unifonnly found in the center down to the south. Rice production varies from 22 to 4l kw/ha where the majority produces 30-40 kw/ha. Productivity model for the northem part is varied, and to the south is more stable with productivity of 30-40 kw/ha. The annual average rainfall in Citarum Hulu watershed is 1770-3458 mm/yr where the majority of the region has in the range of 2000-3000 mm/yr. Maximum monthly rainfall is 558 mm and a minimum of 6 mm on average. Rainfall is high in the months of November to April and dry period is fiom June to August. Mol-rr?s climate classification is around class III - Vb where the majority is in class III-IV. Schmidt-Ferguson?s climate classification for this area is type C to type A, where the majority is in the wet type (A). 0Ideman?s climate classification varies from D3 to Bl where the majority ofthe region is in climate group C-B (humid-wet). ln general, climate model for Citarum Hulu watershed is as follows: in the center (around the city of Bandung) is almost always drier than its surrounding areas, specifically in the northem and southem parts that are mountainous. The distribution of non-irrigated rice fields has a strong correlation with the annual rainfall model of Schimdt-Ferguson and Oldeman, because as an area has more precipitation there tend to be non-irrigated rice fields. But it is not true with Mohr climate. A strong correlation in productivity of non-irrigated rice fields with rainfall model, Mohr, Schmidt-Ferguson, and Oldeman climate models mean that as a region receives more precipitation then 'there is a tendency of higher rice productivity. But there is also a tendency that if an area is extremely wet, the productivity will decrease. Planting season in the Citarum Hulu watershed is from October and May with 4 planting time models: October/February, October/March, November/March, and December/April. In the November/March, planting time is dominant in almost all of the watershed area. Part of the non-irrigated rice fields in Citarum Hulu watershed are still according to the WTU conception, that is 65,87%, which the majority is in the center. As for the rest of this region, they should be converted into protected forest areas (especially in the south) and hard plant agriculture (in the cast). Keywords: DAS Citarum Hulu, non-irrigated rice fields, rainfall, climate model, Mohr, Schmidt-Ferguson, Oldeman, WTU conception, planting time.

Abstrak :
Curah hujan ekstrim diperkirakan akan terus meningkat seiring dengan pemanasan global di sebagian besar dunia dikarenakan adanya peningkatan konsentrasi uap air atmosfer. Amplikasi curah hujan ekstrim dapat meningkatkan intensitas dan frekuensi banjir yang merugikan di berbagai sektor. Melaui investigasi spasial dan temporal berdasarkan indikator hujan ekstrem yaitu meliputi aspek frekuensi, persistensi, absolut maksimal dan rata-rata per kejadian. Penelitian ini mengungkap kecenderungan hujan ekstrem dan karakteristik hujan ekstrem di DAS Citarum Hulu periode 1980-2022. Analisis yang digunakan dikenal dengan metode non-parametrik yaitu Mann-Kendall Test sebagai salah satu metode yang paling populer digunakan untuk mengevaluasi ada tidaknya kecenderungan pada data rentang waktu hidrologi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa secara spasial kecenderungan hujan ekstrem di DAS Citarum Hulu terdeteksi terdapat 5 titik stasiun penakar curah hujan dengan kenaikan/penuruan trend secara signifikan dalam periode 1980-2022. Sedangkan secara termporal bulanan, memperlihatkan trend kenaikan/penurunan signifikan terjadi pada 12 lokasi stasiun curah hujan di DAS Citarum. Dalam penelitian ini juga diketahui bahwa kondisi topografi dan fenomena iklim (ENSO & IOD) terindikasi mempengaruhi intensitas curah hujan di DAS Citarum Hulu. Hasil dari visualisasi spasial curah hujan dan curah hujan ekstrem berdasarkan indikator hujan ekstrem juga menampilkan kecenderungan hujan ekstrem relatif tinggi di ketinggian >1000 mdpl dan berdasarkan analisis temporal bersama fenomena iklim ditemukan peningkatan curah hujan di tahun-tahun La Nina kuat IOD negatif, namun untuk curah hujan ekstrem tidak semua parameter menunjukkan keterkaitan terhadap fenomena iklim. ......Extreme rainfall is expected to continue increasing along with global warming in most parts of the world due to an increase in the concentration of atmospheric water vapor. The application of extreme rainfall can increase the intensity and frequency of floods, which is detrimental in various sectors. Through spatial and temporal investigations based on extreme rain indicators, which include aspects of frequency, persistence, absolute maximum, and average per event, this study reveals the trend of extreme rainfall and the characteristics of extreme rain in the Citarum Upper Watershed for the period 1980-2022. The analysis used is known as the non-parametric method, namely the Mann-Kendall Test, as one of the most popular methods used to evaluate whether there is a trend in hydrological time span data. The results show that spatially, the trend of extreme rain in the Upper Citarum watershed was detected at 5 rainfall measuring stations with a significant increase/decrease trend in the 1980-2022 period. Meanwhile, on a monthly basis, a significant increase/decrease trend occurred in 12 rainfall station locations in the Citarum watershed. In this study, it is also known that topographical conditions and climatic phenomena (ENSO & IOD) are indicated to affect the intensity of rainfall in the Upper Citarum watershed. The results of the spatial visualization of rainfall and extreme rainfall based on extreme rain indicators also show a tendency for relatively high extreme rain at altitudes > 1000 meters above sea level. Based on a joint temporal analysis of climatic phenomena, it is found that there is an increase in rainfall in strong La Nina years when IOD is negative. However, for extreme rain, it does not show all parameters related to climate phenomena.

Abstrak :
Curah hujan ekstrim diperkirakan akan terus meningkat seiring dengan pemanasan global di sebagian besar dunia dikarenakan adanya peningkatan konsentrasi uap air atmosfer. Amplikasi curah hujan ekstrim dapat meningkatkan intensitas dan frekuensi banjir yang merugikan di berbagai sektor. Melaui investigasi spasial dan temporal berdasarkan indikator hujan ekstrem yaitu meliputi aspek frekuensi, persistensi, absolut maksimal dan rata-rata per kejadian. Penelitian ini mengungkap kecenderungan hujan ekstrem dan karakteristik hujan ekstrem di DAS Citarum Hulu periode 1980-2022. Analisis yang digunakan dikenal dengan metode non-parametrik yaitu Mann-Kendall Test sebagai salah satu metode yang paling populer digunakan untuk mengevaluasi ada tidaknya kecenderungan pada data rentang waktu hidrologi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa secara spasial kecenderungan hujan ekstrem di DAS Citarum Hulu terdeteksi terdapat 5 titik stasiun penakar curah hujan dengan kenaikan/penuruan trend secara signifikan dalam periode 1980-2022. Sedangkan secara termporal bulanan, memperlihatkan trend kenaikan/penurunan signifikan terjadi pada 12 lokasi stasiun curah hujan di DAS Citarum. Dalam penelitian ini juga diketahui bahwa kondisi topografi dan fenomena iklim (ENSO & IOD) terindikasi mempengaruhi intensitas curah hujan di DAS Citarum Hulu. Hasil dari visualisasi spasial curah hujan dan curah hujan ekstrem berdasarkan indikator hujan ekstrem juga menampilkan kecenderungan hujan ekstrem relatif tinggi di ketinggian >1000 mdpl dan berdasarkan analisis temporal bersama fenomena iklim ditemukan peningkatan curah hujan di tahun-tahun La Nina kuat IOD negatif, namun untuk curah hujan ekstrem tidak semua parameter menunjukkan keterkaitan terhadap fenomena iklim. ......Extreme rainfall is expected to continue increasing along with global warming in most parts of the world due to an increase in the concentration of atmospheric water vapor. The application of extreme rainfall can increase the intensity and frequency of floods, which is detrimental in various sectors. Through spatial and temporal investigations based on extreme rain indicators, which include aspects of frequency, persistence, absolute maximum, and average per event, this study reveals the trend of extreme rainfall and the characteristics of extreme rain in the Citarum Upper Watershed for the period 1980-2022. The analysis used is known as the non-parametric method, namely the Mann-Kendall Test, as one of the most popular methods used to evaluate whether there is a trend in hydrological time span data. The results show that spatially, the trend of extreme rain in the Upper Citarum watershed was detected at 5 rainfall measuring stations with a significant increase/decrease trend in the 1980-2022 period. Meanwhile, on a monthly basis, a significant increase/decrease trend occurred in 12 rainfall station locations in the Citarum watershed. In this study, it is also known that topographical conditions and climatic phenomena (ENSO & IOD) are indicated to affect the intensity of rainfall in the Upper Citarum watershed. The results of the spatial visualization of rainfall and extreme rainfall based on extreme rain indicators also show a tendency for relatively high extreme rain at altitudes > 1000 meters above sea level. Based on a joint temporal analysis of climatic phenomena, it is found that there is an increase in rainfall in strong La Nina years when IOD is negative. However, for extreme rain, it does not show all parameters related to climate phenomena.