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Abstrak :
Aktivitas kedatangan kapal di Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok yang mencapai 89.804.581 kapal dan kegiatan ekpor dan import sebanyak 47.849.526 kegiatan dalam setahun, disamping dampak perekonomian juga akan berdampak pada penyebaran potensial risiko penyakit dari manca negara, kondisi yang sama di Bandara Soekamo Hatta dimana aktivitas penerbangannya mencapai 3.36.415 pesawat dan mobilitas penumpang sebanyak 6.400.631 orang dalam setahun, hal ini mempunyai potensial risiko penyebaran penyakit menular yang sama dari manca negara. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi sejauh mana sistem manajemen cegah tangkal globalisasi penyakit menular dan penyakit potensial wabah dilakukan oleh K1CP sesuai dengan IHR tahun 2005, variabel yang diteliti meliputi komponen input (sumber daya manusia, dana, sarana, standar, uaraian tugas, sistem cegah tangkal penyakit), komponen proses (perencanaan, pengorganisasian, pelaksanaan, pengawasan dan evaluasi), dan komponen output (kapasitas inti petabuhan sesuai dengan IHR tahun 2005). Hasil analisis didapat bahwa komponen input, proses dan output belum maksimal dilakukan dan dipenuhi oieh KKP Kelas I Tartjung Priok dan KICP Kelas Jakarta, dimana sistem surveilans faktor risiko dan penyakit yang menjadi inti dari kegiatan manajemen cegah tangkal globalisasi penyakit menular dan penyakit potensial wabah di ICI& masih belum berjalan dengan baik. Untuk meningkatkan kemampuan sistem manajemen cegah tangkal globalisasi penyakit menular dan penyakit potensial wa.bah MCP bersama dengan Dirjen PP dan PL dikarapkan dapat mendata ulang kebutuhan dan sumber daya masing-masing, terutama dalam mempersiapkan sisitem surveilan terpadu mulai tingkat nasional, regional, dan KICP. ......Ships arrive activity on Tanjung Priok Port to 89.804.581. ships and export and import activity have 47.849.526 activity for year, beside that economic effect will be add to impact reasons diseases from foreign countries, the same conditions at Soekamo - Hata airport whereas flight activity until 336.416 airplane and passenger mobility have 6.400.631 for years, and have big potential to impact same diseases from another countries. This research using a qualitative approach for purpose for having information so far management system for attack globalitation impact diseases and potential epidemic diseases to do KKP include with IHR on 2005, variable to research include input components (human resources, funds, tools, standard, jobdesk,system impact deseases) proses (planning, organizations, implementing, supervision, and evaluation) and output component (core capasity of port in with IHR on 2005). Analysis evaluated have components on input , process, output unmaximum to do and not yet fulfilled by K.KP Tanjung Priok class l and KICP Jakarta's Classis', whereas system surveilans risk factors and diseases tobe a good from manajemen activity for protect globalitation epidemic diseases and potential deseases epidemic at ICKP is still not running well. For increase power manajemen system attack globalization impact deseases and impact potential diseases, ICKP with Dirjen PP & PL. hoping can access needs and each human source, especially in prepare integrated surveillance system since national grade for national, regional and MCP.

Abstrak :
Amid a tremendous transition into an economic boom, China has several issues related to business ethics practices....

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Kegiatan industri migas sangat potensial menyebabkan pencemaran air, tanah, dan udara. Minyak yang merembes ke dalam tanah dapat menyebabkan tertutupnya suplai oksigen dan meracuni mikroorganisme tanah sehingga mengakibatkan kematian mikroorganisme tersebut. Tumpahan minyak di lingkungan dapat mencemari perairan dan tanah hingga ke daerah sub-surface dan lapisan aquifer air tanah. Bioremediasi memainkan peranan penting yang makin meningkat pada remediasi lingkungan tercemar polutan organik dan telah diterima secara luas sebagai teknologi inovatif. Bioremediasi adalah suatu teknologi aplikasi proses biologis untuk melenyapkan bahan kimia beracun dan berbahaya dari lingkungan dengan melibatkan agen biologis seperti tanaman, mikroorganisme, dan enzim tanaman/mikroorganisme. Untuk mengatasi pencemaran limbah minyak, maka diperlukan suatu cara penanggulangan yang efisien, efektif, ekonomis, dan tidak merusak lingkungan. Penelitian ini akan menguji sejauhmana keefektifan pemanfaatan bakteri pemecah minyak dalam proses bioremediasi. Dengan demikian, diharapkan dapat diperoleh jenis bakteri yang dapat mendegradasi minyak bumi secara cepat sehingga tidak lagi berperan sebagai pencemar di lingkungan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: (a) memperoleh jenis bakteri pemecah minyak yang mampu mendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon dalam proses bioremediasi; (b) mengetahui pengaruh jenis bakteri, pH, dan waktu degradasi terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri pemecah minyak dan proses bioremediasi; (c) membandingkan pertumbuhan bakteri pemecah minyak dalam mendegradasi tanah terkontaminasi minyak dan tanah tidak terkontaminasi minyak; (d) mengetahui kondisi lingkungan yang optimum bagi pertumbuhan bakteri; dan (e) mengetahui alternatif penanggulangan pencemaran minyak bumi dalam upaya pengelolaan lingkungan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini diharapkan dapat diperoleh: (a) informasi dasar tentang pemanfaatan bakteri pemecah minyak dalam proses bioremediasi sehingga akan menjadi pertimbangan bagi penelitian selanjutnya; (b) bakteri pemecah minyak dalam penelitian ini diharapkan dapat diaplikasikan di lapangan dalam proses bioremediasi; dan (c) upaya pengelolaan lingkungan yang tepat untuk mengatasi pencemaran limbah minyak. Hipotesis yang diajukan adalah: (a) jenis bakteri, pH, dan waktu degradasi berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri pemecah minyak dan proses bioremediasi; (b) kondisi tanah terkontaminasi minyak dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan bakteri pemecah minyak daripada tanah tidak terkontaminasi minyak. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen, dimana sampel tanah terkontaminasi minyak dan tanah tidak terkontaminasi minyak diperoleh dari lokasi 9C-68, Minas SBU, PT. CPI, Riau. Sampel bakteri Pseudomonas fluorecence dan Bacillus subtilis diperoleh dari Laboratorium Pangan dan Gizi, Institut Pertanian Bogor. Waktu penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April-September 2001. Analisis kandungan minyak total (TPH) dan kromatogram dilakukan di Environmental and Technology Support Laboratory, PT. CPI, Duri. Analisis kualitas tanah (tekstur tanah, N, P, dan K), kualitas air (pH, DO, CO2, BOD5, dan COD), dan mikrobiologi dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Pangan, Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan UNRI. Data dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas data primer dan data sekunder. Data primer diperoleh dari pengukuran secara langsung di Laboratorium. Data sekunder diperoleh dari instansi terkait, studi pustaka, dan sebagainya. Data primer dan data sekunder ini kemudian dianalisis secara deskriptif yaitu dilakukan uji statistik ANAVA untuk menguji keberartian variabel pada perlakuan. Isolat bakteri Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus subitilis, dan kultur campuran (Pseudornonas fluorescence T Bacillus subtilis) dapat digunakan dalam proses bioremediasi. Namun, bakteri Pseudomonas fluorescence pada pH 8 lebih cepat mendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon pada tanah terkontaminasi minyak dengan laju biodegradasi sebesar 96,1 ppm/hari dan persentase penurunan sebesar 91,51%. Kultur campuran pada pH 7 merupakan isolat dengan aktivitas metabolisme yang lebih tinggi dilihat dari total bakteri pemecah minyak, baik pada tanah terkontaminasi minyak maupun tanah tidak terkontaminasi minyak. Berdasarkan hasil kerjanya, kedua bakteri ini bersifat sinergisme. Perlakuan kontrol (B0) mempunyai pH lebih rendah dibandingkan perlakuan lainnya, baik pada tanah terkontaminasi minyak maupun tanah tidak terkontaminasi minyak. Kegiatan bakteri pemecah minyak dalam mendegradasi senyawa hidrokarbon menyebabkan penurunan pH. Waktu degradasi berpengaruh terhadap total bakteri, dimana semakin lama waktu degradasi, maka semakin tinggi total bakteri sampai batas tertentu sebelum terjadi fase kematian. Waktu degradasi juga berpengaruh terhadap persentase degradasi senyawa hidrokarbon, dimana kandungan TPH yang terendah terdapat pada minggu II (T2). Proses bioremediasi ini telah berlangsung dengan baik karena kandungan TPH telah mencapai 1% atau kurang dari 10.000 ppm. Pada tanah terkontaminasi minyak terdapat total bakteri pemecah minyak yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tanah tidak terkontaminasi minyak. Bakteri pemecah minyak memanfaatkan senyawa hidrokarbon sebagai sumber energi dan sumber karbon sehingga meningkatkan pertumbuhan bakteri tersebut. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya, maka perlu dilakukan penelitian proses bioremediasi di lapangan yang terkontaminasi minyak. Penelitian juga perlu dilakukan mengenai jenis bakteri pemecah minyak lainnya yang mampu mendegradasi hidrokarbon dalam limbah minyak sehingga dapat dilakukan proses pembiakan dan pembuatan isolat untuk tujuan komersial. Untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang menyeluruh mengenai proses bioremediasi, maka perlu diteliti faktor-faktor lain yang belum diamati dalam penelitian ini seperti kandungan bahan organik, anorganik, dan unsur hara tanah. Upaya pengelolaan limbah dapat dilakukan dengan konsep minimisasi limbah baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Namun, tindakan pencegahan lebih berharga daripada penanggulangan terhadap terjadinya pencemaran limbah minyak di lingkungan. Pengelolaan lingkungan dapat terlaksana dengan baik apabila didukung oleh kesadaran dan peran serta masyarakat. Disamping itu, perlu dilengkapi dengan peraturan hukum yang berlaku.

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The Utilization of Hydrocarbon Degradation Bacteria in Bioremediation Process (A Case Study in Processing of Contaminated Ground Oil in Minas SBU, PT. Caltex Pasific Indonesia, Riau)Migas industry activity is very potential to cause water, ground, and air pollution. The infiltration of oil into ground layer will cover the oxygen supply, poison and kill the ground microorganism. Oil spilled into environment also pollute the aquatic environment, sub surface area of ground and aquifer layer of ground water. Bioremediation plays an important role in remediation of polluted environment by organic pollutant and has been widely accepted as an innovative technology. Bioremediation is an applied biological process technology to disappear poison and dangerous substances from the environment with involves biological agents such as plant, microbial and plant/microbial enzymes. To overcoming of earth oil pollution, an efficient, effective, economics, and not damage environment method is needed. This research will test how the effective the utilization of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria in bioremediation process. So hopefully it can find type of bacteria that able to degrade hydrocarbon compound so quickly until it can not participate as a polluter in environment. The objectives of this research were: (a) to find type of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria that able to degrade hydrocarbon compound in bioremediation process; (b) to know the influence of bacteria type, pH, and degradation time on the growth of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria and bioremediation process; (c) to compare the growth of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria in degrading contaminated ground oil and uncontaminated ground oil; (d) to know the optimum environment condition for the bacteria growth; and (e) to know the alternatives to overcome earth oil spilled in environmental management efforts. Accordance with the results of this research expected: (a) to give information about the utilization of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria in bioremediation process for become the basic considerations of further research; (b) hydrocarbon degradation bacteria on this research could be applied into environment in bioremediation process; and (c) the efforts of approsiate environmental management to overcome waste oil pollution. Hypothesis of this research were: (a) type of bacteria, pH, and degradation time influence the growth of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria and bioremediation process; (b) contaminated ground oil condition could increase the growth of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria than uncontaminated ground oil. This research was done by used of experimental method. Samples of contaminated and uncontaminated ground oil were obtained from 9C-68 location, Oil area Minas SBU, PT. CPI, Riau. Samples Pseudomonas fluorescence and Bacillus subtilis were obtained from Food and Nutrient Laboratory, Bogor Agriculture Institute. The research was conducted on April-September 2001. Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) and chromatography analysis were conducted at Environmental and Technology Support Laboratory, PT. CPI, Duri District. Analysis of ground quality (ground texture, IN, P, and K), water quality (pH, DO, COz, BOD5, and COD) and microbiology were conducted at Food Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science, University of Riau. Data in this research were consisting of primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained by directly measurement in laboratory. Secondary data was obtained by literature study, in interrelated office, and so on. These two types of data were analyzed descriptively with ANAVA statistical test to examine the variable significance in every treatment. Isolated of Pseudoinonas fluorescence, Bacillus subtilis, and mixture culture of (Pseudomonas fluorescence Bacillus subtilis) can be used in bioremediation process. But, Pseudomonas fluorescence bacteria at pH 8 can accelerate to degrade hydrocarbon compound in contaminated ground oil with biodegradation rate of 96,1 pprnlday and decreasing percentage rate of 91,51%. Mixture culture bacteria at pH 7 are isolate with higher metabolism activity viewed by total of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria, both in contaminated ground oil and in uncontaminated ground oil. According to its activity production, both bacteria have synergism characteristic. Control treatment (BO) has pH value lower than the other treatment, both in contaminated ground oil and uncontaminated ground oil. The activity of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria to degrade hydrocarbon compound has decreased pH value. Degradation time influenced bacteria total where longer of degradation time will increase the bacteria total until in fixed level before lethal phase occurs. Degradation time also influenced hydrocarbon compound degradation percentage where the lowest of TPH content found at second week (T2). This bioremediation process occurred well because the TPH content has reached of 1% or less than 10.000 ppm. In contaminated ground oil has higher total of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria than in uncontaminated ground oil. Hydrocarbon degradation bacteria used hydrocarbon compound as energy source and carbon source until increase that bacteria growth. For the next research, it is necessary to search the bioremediation at polluted field of oil waste. Research is also necessary doing to the other types of hydrocarbon degradation bacteria that able to degrade hydrocarbon in oil waste so breeding process and isolate making could be done for commercial perspectives. To find entirely description of bioremediation process, it is necessary to search the other factors that still not observed and measured in this research such as organic, inorganic substance content, and ground nutrients. Efforts of waste management can be done with waste minimization concept either directly or indirectly manners. But, prevention action is more valuable than to overcome oil waste pollution in environment. Environmental management will be well implemented if it is supported by awareness and participation of community. In addition, it should be provided by law regulations.

Abstrak :
Lingkungan yang terkontaminasi oleh Limbah pabrik gula dapat menurunkan kualitas air dan tanah daerah sekitarnya, seperti tingkat kualitas panen yang menurun yang dapat menciptakan bencana ekosistem antara manusia dan elemen lingkungannya.manusia harus mampu bertahan hidup di masa yang akan datang bila mana bahan pangan pokok yang dibutuhkan habis dan mereka pun harus beradaptasi dan berevolusi didalam lingkungan yang tercemar. Berdasarkan teori evolusi, penangkap lalat venus adalah tanaman Insectivora yang dapat membuat konflik dalam ekosistem mikro . Mereka menangkap lebah dan dapat menghentikan penyerbukan tanaman gula dari lebah.Hal tersebut tentu akan memperburuk kebutuhan pangan manusia sehingga bila tidak diseimbangkan akan memobilitas penurunan bahan pangan gula yang dibutuhkan .Namun sebaliknya penangkap lalat venus bisa memberikan peningkatan kualitas tanah lingkungan karena adanya sistem biologis mereka dengan menangkap serangga ,menyerap dan mentransfer unsur mineral dari serangga ke tanah yang mereka diami .Sehingga tentu hal tersebut mempunyai potensi yang menguntungkan bila sistem ini lebih ditekankan kedalam lingkungan yang tercemar tanahnya.untuk menyeimbangan konflik dan mutulisme didalam tanaman penangkap serangga , bagaimana memadukan konflik dan mutualisme dalam penangkap lalat venus dengan menggunakan teknologi sistem Dynamic untuk membuat keseimbangan ekosistem di lingkungan pabrik. ......Enviroment contaminated from sugar factory can descrease quality of water and soils in surrounding area, such as the quality level of harvest creating an ecosystem disaster between humans and others element. Based from theory of evolution ,venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant that can make conflict in micro ecosystem.they catch bees and stop the pollination sugar plant  from bees .Imbalancing in ecosystem can make evolution in biotic enviroment . So there is conflict in ecosystem where human and other organism have to survive without food harvesting expecially sugar plant,based thing for food requirement.  Hovewer,venus flytrap can make benefit in abotic factor (Quality of soils and water enviroment) and impact good quality abiotic enviroment  .So in that case. how to fuse the conflicity and mutualism in venus flytrap by using dynamic gear system technology  to make balancing ecosystem in factory enviroment .

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ABSTRACT
Oil pollution is often occurs in Indonesian marine waters and it has a significant impact on ecological and economical aspects. Physical and chemical approaches are common to be used to combat this pollution. Bioremediation is a promising method using biological approach that not been used yet for oil spill cleanup in Indonesian coastal environment. The success stories were reported mostly from sub tropic region. This technique is potential to be used in Indonesia due to tropical climates and enormous microbial resources in Indonesian marine waters. However, intensive research and field tests are still needed to develop an appropriate method for application in Indonesia. One of bioremediation technique limitations is the suitability for each polluted sites. This paper will discuss about the application and the effectivity of bioremediation technique in other countries and research development of this technique for coastal environment in Indonesia.

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This book highlights the use of Solidification/Stabilization (S/S) to treat lead-contaminated soils, which are widely present in China. It reveals the evolutionary mechanism of the structural characteristics of Pb contaminated soil during the S/S process. In addition, the book systematically analyzes laws influencing the S/S process and its internal mechanisms, and develops new models for the strength prediction and Pb leaching prediction of S/S monolith. The results can provide essential theoretical guidance and parameter-related support for the design of Pb-contamiated soil S/S remediation and recycling solutions.

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This research aimed is to study the effect of guano organic fertilizer towards the availability of Cd on soil and the degree of plants tissue ability to absorb Cd, also to study its effect on plant's productivity which parameter is tuber's dry weight. ...

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This study develops, evaluates, and optimizes the potential of a novel "counter-diffusional? membrane biofilm reactor to biologically treat and remove trichloroethylene (TCE) from contaminated soil and groundwater caused by industrial activities (industrial solvent). The objectives of the research are to investigate and evaluate design and operational factors reflecting the sustainability and degradation rates of TCE transformation in a counter-diffusional membrane-attached methanotrophic biofilm reactor system As a first step attaining this objective, an overall mass transfer coeficient of the bioreactor was developed a 23 laboratory experimental design have already conducted, and the development of a mathematical model and computer simulation describing the concentration profile of substrates and TCE within the biofilm has been introduced A maximum sustainable TCE removal j7|o: of 205 Elmo!/m7/day was successfully attained when the CH,¢ utilization rate was 11.67 mmoles/m2/hr, the TCE loading rate was approximately 400 mol/m2/day. Normal probability plot and pareto chart indicated that methane partial pressure (P) and hydraulic Reynolds 's numbers (Re) have important and significant positive effects on the TCE degradation rates. The average percentage of TCE removal eficiency falls between 78.6 and 94. 7%.

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Oil-Spill Dispersant (OSD) reduces interfacial tensions of oil and water turning oil spill into droplets that makes crude oil easier to be degraded by hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of dispersant utilization (solvent-based and water-based) related its performance efficiency in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The research was carrried out in laboratory, varying Dispersant-Oil Ratio (DOR) into 3 levels (1:8, 1:20, 1:25) and carbon source adaptation into 3 levels (0%, 1%, 2%). The total number of samples prepared was 84, consist of 21 samples without Pseudomonas aeruginosa addition and 63 samples with Pseudomonas aeruginosa addition. Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is measured using gravimetric method to determine the biodegradation of crude oil. Also measured are pH of samples with Pseudomonas aeruginosa addition and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) value of samples with dispersants. Data were evaluated using ANOVA. The result shows Pseudomonas aeruginosa has the ability to degrades crude oil despite the presence of dispersant, whereas the use of water-based dispersant showed better biodegradation ability than solvent-based OSD usage. Dispersant effectiveness of solvent-based and water-based is 33% and biodegradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa achieved 25% in 72 hours.

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ABSTRACT
Heavy and toxic metals such as lead, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, and zincreach the soil environment by two processes, geogenic and anthropogenic process. Among the heavy metals inside soil, lead is the most systemic toxicant that affects several organs in the human body Tchounwou et al., 2012 . Lead can contaminate the air, water, and soils, however, the most critical sector in our environment is soil because soil plays a vital role in the food chain. This is the reason why many types of research and innovation are being studied to develop techniques to remedy the soils, especially in an efficient way. The treatment of lead contaminated soils is generally classified into two main principles mobilization and immobilization of lead in lead contaminated soils. The basic principle of mobilization involves the mobilization technique which is to release the metal loid s into the soil solution. However, this method has a big disadvantage. This is because of the big tendency of heavy metals to leach. Besides that, other disadvantages of this method are a complex process, cost very high and not ecologically safe. Immobilization as a treatment method for lead contaminated soil seems to be a better option compared to mobilization due to several advantages. One of the major benefits of immobilization methods is thatlead Pb as the contaminants are unreachable by other creatures.

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ABSTRAK
Logam berat dan beracun seperti timbal, arsenik, kadmium, kromium, tembaga, dan seng mencapai lingkungan tanah dengan dua proses, proses geogenik dan antropogenik. Di antara logam berat di dalam tanah, timbal adalah racun paling sistemik yang mempengaruhi beberapa organ dalam tubuh manusia Tchounwou et al., 2012 . Timbal dapat mencemari udara, air, dan tanah, namun, sektor yang paling penting di lingkungan kita adalah tanah karena tanah memainkan peran penting dalam rantai makanan. Ini adalah alasan mengapa banyak jenis penelitian dan inovasi sedang dipelajari untuk mengembangkan teknik untuk meremediasi tanah, terutama dengan cara yang efisien. Perlakuan tanah yang terkontaminasi timbal secara umum diklasifikasikan menjadi dua prinsip utama; mobilisasi dan imobilisasi timbal pada tanah yang terkontaminasi timbal. Prinsip dasar mobilisasi melibatkan teknik mobilisasi yaitu melepaskan logam loid ke dalam larutan tanah. Namun, metode ini memiliki kerugian besar. Ini karena kecenderungan besar logam berat untuk meluruh. Selain itu, kerugian lain dari metode ini adalah proses yang rumit, biaya sangat tinggi dan tidak aman secara ekologis. Imobilisasi sebagai metode pengobatan untuk tanah yang terkontaminasi timah tampaknya menjadi pilihan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan mobilisasi karena beberapa keuntungan. Salah satu manfaat utama metode imobilisasi adalah timbal Pb karena kontaminan tidak dapat dijangkau oleh makhluk hidup lain.