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"The Background

Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine have been known in history as American Enlightenment thinkers. They were enlightened in that they believed that man was the source of moral good; that man was sanctified. This roseate view of man was opposed to the pre-Enlightenment ecclesiastical concept that man was depraved and sinful. Franklin as the "person who epitomized the Enlightenment" rejected this latter dogma; instead, he advocated the notion of self-reliant individualism in religion. In his autobiography, he stated that religiosity did not bind any person to a particular church; man should rely on his own judgment of what was good or bad for himself. Furthermore, religion to Franklin simply meant "doing good to others", and "loving mankind".

Like Franklin, Thomas Paine viewed religion not so much as one's adherence to church membership as the belief in one's instinct and conscience to decide his religious faith. Paine maintained the sanctity of the individual in that he considered the individual as the source of moral value, competent to judge the effects of his own actions. Paine wrote in his book "The Age of Reason, ... my own, mind is my own church...".

Self-reliant individualism was central in most of Franklin's and Paine's writings. Franklin's autobiography not only emphasized the idea but it also helped Americans cultivate their own sense of self-reliance. To Franklin, to be self-reliant was to have self-discipline, work hard and above all, not depend on others because the individual had great potential to develop himself materially as well as intellectually. Like Franklin, Paine also advocated the concept of self-reliant individualism and its cultivation in man. According to Paine, as stated in The Age of Reason, the objective of his writings was to give man an elevated sense of his own character and dignity. Through his conscience and moral virtue, Paine contended, man could guide himself to good deeds. Equally important in the writings of these great American thinkers was the fact that through their adherence to the sanctity of the individual, they made many 18th century Americans realize that they were capable of ruling themselves.

At the American Studies Center, University of Indonesia, Franklin's and Paine's writings have been extensively discussed in the " Introduction to American Literature,""History of, American Thought," and "Introduction to American Studies" courses. This was how I became acquainted with these two great American philosopher?"

"The great depression in the late 1920s has forced down agricultural sector's income. Domestic marker for agricultural product declined in addition to the fact that surplus production has existed since the First World War as demand for agricultural products from the European reduced. The real problem was the surplus of agricultural sector production that has forced the price down.This thesis will explain the facts, data and analysis to proof that fiscal policy through Agricultural Adjustment Act which targeted the farmers -- that include farmers tenant farmers share droppers, the group of potential producers who were in the bottom of the income pyramid -- was a right choice. Moreover, huge support and participation of the farming society contributed to the success of the program. The reduction of the surplus was significant. The price of agricultural production increased, which then, increased optimism to agricultural sector,Market mechanism of Adam Smith and budget policy of John Maynard KeynesWere exercised in analyzing the New Deal in agricultural sector, the Triple A, in addition to capitalism conceptIn Iowa, Corn-Hog Program which was part of reduction program, "Triple A, has encouraged farmers to sacrifice the opportunity to produce more corn and hog. The land to he cultivated was reduced. The hogs were killed or its production was reduced. The farmers rewarded sum amount of money in check for their action, not full of the compensation. The rest of the compensation kept by the government was functioned as instrument to reduce moral hoard -the tendency to produce more in order to gain enough income to cover the cost or to get profit. The behavior of farming has changed, farmers did better planning. And agricultural products were more diversifiedCritics to this Triple A, such as the program was more benefited the larger farmers -- which was not happened in Iowa whose cortiposition of land owner farmers and tenant farmers or sharecroppers were relatively equal -- or to produce scarcity when hunger and suffering widespread -in a condition that some area in the South experienced dust bowl, that caused some family faced financial problem and had not enough purchasing power -- seemed to be unproportional.When the Supreme Court declared that Triple A was unconstitutional, because Congress had no constitutional right to impose a system for regulation of agricultural production, which was the authority of the states, the program had increased agricultural sector's income and the contribution of this sector to the national income."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang Good Neighbor Policy: Kebijakan Luar Negeri Amerika Serikat di bawah Pemerintahan Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt. Kebijakan ini diambil sebagai usaha untuk menghilangkan citra Bad Neighbor yang melekat pada Amerika Serikat pada masa Presiden-Presiden sebelumnya. Pengumpulan data yang dilakukan selama penelitian ini adalah dengan mcnggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Pencarian data, dilakukan melalui studi kepustakaan dan internet. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memberikan suatu gambaran kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat terutama di negara-negara Amerika Latin. Memasuki akhir abad 19 dan awal abad 20 Amerika Serikat banyak melakukan intervensi di dalam negeri para tetangganya terutama negara-negara di Amerika Latin. Amerika Serikat sebelum tahun 1933, menurut Bailey di dalam bukunya Diplomatic History of The American People (1970) digainbarkan sebagai The Bad Neighbor. Citra inilah yang ingin diubah oleh Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt dengan Good Neighbor Policynya. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Good Neighbor Policy berhasil menghilangkan citra Bad Neighbor. Good Neighbor Policy niembuat perdagangan antara Amerika Serikat dengan Amerika Latin meningkat. Melalui penjanjian_-perjanjian pengurangan tarif masuk barang ke Amerika Serikat, perekonomian beberapa negara Amerika Latin semakin membaik. Terakhir, Good Neighbor Policy ini menghasilkan perasaan kebersamaan antara Amerika Serikat dengan negara_-negara Amerika Latin untuk menjaga stabilitas di kawasan belahan bumi Barat khususnya di benua Amerika. Kebersamaan inilah yang membuat ketika Amerika Serikat menyatakan perang dengan Jepang bersama Powers Axisnya, Semua negara_-negara Amerika Latin menyatakan simpatinya pada Amerika Serikat dengan menyatakan sikap perang juga pada Jepang dan sekutunya."