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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tulisan ini menganalisis Laicite sebagai salah satu manifestasi nilai-nilai sekularisme di Prancis dan dampaknya terhadap komunitas Muslim di Prancis ketika Laicite diimplementasikan dalam berbagai bentuk kebijakan dan aturan formal. Argumen utama penulis adalah Laicite merupakan bentuk Cultural Defense Prancis terhadap nilai-nilai yang dianggap bertentangan dengan apa yang telah dimaknai dan diyakini Prancis pasca Revolusi Prancis. Pertama, penulis mengulas Laicite sebagai landasan normatif dan gambaran tentang komunitas Muslim di Prancis. Kedua, penulis mengelaborasi bagaimana Prancis memaknai dan menerapkan Laicite sebagai Cultural Defense yang diawali dengan menciptakan sebuah Cultural Hegemony. Ketiga, penulis menjelaskan implikasi mdash;sosial, politik, budaya, ekonomi, dan hukum mdash;penerapan Laicite yang dialami oleh kaum minoritas imigran muslim Prancis. Penulis menggunakan Historical Representation dibantu dengan wawancara terbatas sebagai metode penelitian. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat berkontribusi pada kajian transnasional dalam ilmu hubungan internasional.

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ABSTRACT
This paper analyzes Laicite as one of the manifestations of secularism in France and its impact on the Muslim community in France when Laicite is implemented in various forms of formal policies and rules. The author 39 s main argument is Laicite is a form of French Cultural Defense against values that are considered contrary to what has been interpreted and believed in France after the French Revolution. First, the author reviews Laicite as the normative foundation and description of the Muslim community in France. Secondly, the author elaborates on how the French interpreted and applied Laicite as Cultural Defense which began by promoting the concept of Cultural Hegemony. Thirdly, the authors explains the social, political, cultural, and legal implications of the Laicite application experienced by a minority of French Muslim immigrants. The author uses Historical Representation assisted by a limited interview as a research method. This research is expected to contribute to transnational studies in the discipline of international relations.

Abstrak :
Book description Spatial Ecologies takes a new look at the “spatial turn” in French cultural and critical theory since 1968. Verena Andermatt Conley examines how Henri Lefebvre, Michel de Certeau, Jean Baudrillard, Marc Augé, Paul Virilio, Bruno Latour and Etienne Balibar reconsider the experience of space in the midst of considerable political and economic turmoil. The book considers why French critical theorists turned away from questions of time and looked instead toward questions of space. It asks what writing about space can tell us about life in late capitalism. Conley links this question to the problematic of habitality, taking us back to Heidegger and showing how it informs much of French theory. Building on the author's acclaimed earlier study Ecopolitics, Spatial Ecologies argues, through the voices of the authors taken up the eight chapters, for recognition of the virtue of spatial theory and its pragmatic applications in the global milieu. It will be required reading for scholars of literary and cultural theory, and twentieth- and twenty-first century French culture.