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"Tesis ini membahas tentang pengaruh tingkat ukuran konsentrasi portofolio kredit terhadap kinerja bank di masa Pandemi COVID-19, yang menjadi penting karena bank harus mengambil kebijakan yang tepat untuk menghindari risiko gagal bayar akibat guncangan ekonomi selama Pandemi COVID-19. Sifat penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif, menggunakan metode estimasi EGLS pada data panel dari 47 bank umum yang go public di Indonesia selama tahun 2016–2021. Dalam penelitian ini, Hirschman-Herfindahl Index (HHI) berdasarkan sektor ekonomi digunakan sebagai ukuran konsentrasi portofolio kredit. Riset ini mengungkapkan bahwa konsentrasi portofolio kredit akan mengurangi risiko kredit yang diukur dengan proksi rasio kredit bermasalah (non performing loan/ non performing financing) sebelum pandemi COVID-19. Sebaliknya, saat pandemi COVID-19 konsentrasi portofolio kredit akan meningkatkan risiko kredit. Di sisi lain, portofolio kredit yang terkonsentrasi akan membuat profitabilitas bank yang diukur dengan return on equity (ROE) semakin menurun sebelum pandemi COVID-19, namun sesudah pandemi COVID-19 konsentrasi portfolio justru meningkatkan profitabilitas bank. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bank untuk melakukan strategi diversifikasi agar dapat mengurangi risiko kredit.

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This research discusses the effect of the level of concentration of credit portfolios on bank performance during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is important because banks must take appropriate policies to avoid the risk of default due to economic shocks during the COVID-19 pandemic. The nature of this research is quantitative, using the EGLS estimation method on panel data from 47 commercial banks that went public in Indonesia during 2016–2021. In this study, the Hirschman-Herfindahl Index (HHI) based on economic sector is used as a measure of the concentration of the credit portfolio. This research reveals that the concentration of the credit portfolio will reduce credit risk as measured by the ratio of non-performing loans (non-performing financing) before the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, after the COVID-19 pandemic, the concentration of the credit portfolio will increase credit risk. On the other hand, a concentrated credit portfolio will reduce bank profitability as measured by return on equity (ROE) before the COVID-19 pandemic, but after the COVID-19 pandemic, portfolio concentration actually increases bank profitability. The results suggest that banks should carry out a diversification strategy in order to reduce credit risk."

"Hipoksia hipobarik merupakan kondisi dimana tubuh memiliki kekurangan oksigen dalam jaringan dan sel. Pada keadaan hipoksia, tubuh mampu memproduksi radikal bebas. Sehingga, tubuh menghasilkan antioksidan yang berfungsi menangkal radikal bebas. Salah satu antioksidan yang berfungsi yaitu glutation (GSH). Glutation memiliki peranan penting dalam antioksidan khususnya menangkal radikal bebas hidrogen peroksida (H2O2). Dengan adanya antioksidan ini, maka dapat melindungi sel tubuh yang mengalami kerusakan akibat radikal bebas. Penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu menggunakan metode desain eksperimental. Penelitian ini menggunakan 25 ekor tikus yang dikelompokkan menjadi 5 kelompok, yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok 7 kali, kelompok 14 kali, kelompok 21 kali, dan kelompok 28 kali hipoksia hipobarik intermiten (HHI). Setiap kelompok diberikan prosedur hypobaric chamber training. Selanjutnya melakukan pengukuran kadar glutation dengan menggunakan metode Ellman. Rata-rata kadar glutation organ hati kelompok tikus 7 kali HHI lebih rendah secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok tikus kontrol (p = 0.001). Rata-rata kadar glutation organ hati kelompok tikus 14 kali HHI lebih tinggi secara bermakna dibandingkan dengan kelompok tikus 7 kali HHI (p < 0.001). Rata-rata kadar glutation organ hati pada kelompok lainnya kembali menurun setelah diberikan paparan 21 kali HHI dan 28 kali HHI dibandingkan dengan kelompok normal namun tidak memiliki makna yang signifikan. Menurut hasil penelitian ini, kadar glutation pada keadaan HHI mengalami penurunan akibat dari suatu efek perlindungan hati terhadap adanya radikal bebas yang dihasilkan dari hipoksia hipobarik intermiten.

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Hypobaric hypoxia is a condition in which the body has a low level of oxygen in the tissues and cells. The effect that occurs when in a state of hypoxia is that the body produces free radicals. However, the body also produces antioxidants that work to eliminate free radicals. One of the antioxidants is glutathione. Glutathione has a role in antioxidants, especially scavenging free radical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). With this antioxidant, it can protect from cell damage by free radicals. This research use the experimental design method. This study used 25 rats which grouped into 5 groups, namely the control group, group with 7 times, group with 14 times, group with 21 times, and group with 28 times intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH). Each group will be exposed to hypobaric chamber training procedure. Furthermore, measuring glutathione levels in rat liver samples in each group using the Ellman’s method. The average glutathione level of the group rats 7 times IHH was significantly lower than that of the control rats group (p = 0.001). The average liver glutathione levels in the group rats 14 times IHH were significantly higher than the group rats 7 times IHH (p < 0.001). The average liver glutathione levels in the other groups decreased again after exposure to 21 times IHH and 28 times IHH compared to the control group but did not significantly different. According to the results of this study, glutathione levels in rat's liver decreased due to a protective effect of the liver against the presence of free radicals resulting from IHH."