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"ABSTRAKFor almost 60 years, the International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC has been doing its best to provide humanitarian assistance to those groups in Iraq that need it most. This article describes the humanitarian operations of the ICRC in Iraq from 1950 to the present day, in particular the support it has given to different minorities inthe country and its humanitarian responses to the various armed conflicts. It shows that the legal framework that provides the basis for the ICRCs humanitarian activities also limits its ability to take action in situations beyond the scope of its mandate. In armed conflicts the ICRC faces the risk of being used by governments for their own ends. The challenge for the ICRC is to strike a balance between meeting itstreaty based obligations and exercising its right of humanitarian initiative, and to avoid selecting the recipients of its aid on the sole basis of opportunities made available by governments."

"ABSTRAKThe article describes the context of the ICRCs operations in Iraq, where the Iran Iraq War in the 1980s, the Gulf War in 1990 1 and the effects of sanctions preceded the 2003 conflict and the spread of sectarian violence. The many serious attacks, including the bombing of the ICRC delegation in Baghdad in 2003 and continuing threats to the ICRC delegates, led to a low visibility presence and required a new modus operandi in which a real presence on the ground was backed up by remote control mechanisms for assistance activities in the most insecure areas. Projects to cover essential needs by ensuring water supplies and sewage disposal and supporting health facilities exemplify this new ICRC operational framework. Whereas remote control and support operations enabled programmes of increasing scope and size to be implemented, they could not replace a direct physical presence on the ground, and acceptancebuilding had to be reinforced through networking and communicational aspects. Theauthors argue, however, that there is still room for independent, neutral and impartial humanitarian action in Iraq despite inherent security risks."

"Artikel ini membahas tentang peran Palang Merah Indonesia (PMI) dalam konflik Irak-Kuwait tahun 1991. PMI mengumpulkan donasi berupa uang dan barang-barang kebutuhan dari pemerintah dan masyarakat Indonesia untuk disalurkan kepada para korban terdampak krisis. Penggalangan bantuan yang digerakkan oleh PMI ini merupakan suatu konsep yang disebut sebagai diplomasi kemanusiaan (humanitarian diplomacy). Konsep ini mengacu pada upaya meyakinkan para pembuat kebijakan dan pemimpin opini untuk bertindak atas dasar tujuan kemanusiaan. Aktor dalam diplomasi ini tidak terbatas pada pejabat pemerintah saja, melainkan melibatkan pula aktor-aktor non-pemerintah seperti organisasi kemanusiaan. Dalam konteks ini, PMI berhasil menjalin kerja sama dengan pihak-pihak seperti Pemerintah RI, organisasi masyarakat, dan media massa dalam misi pengumpulan bantuan kemanusiaan untuk korban Konflik Irak-Kuwait. Hal ini tidak hanya berdampak bagi pegembangan internal organisasi PMI, tetapi juga dapat membangun citra Indonesia di mata dunia. Dalam penulisan artikel ini, penulis menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri dari heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Penulis menggunakan data dari sumber-sumber sejarah berupa arsip, majalah dan surat kabar sezaman, wawancara, buku, serta artikel diperoleh melalui Arsip Nasional RI, Perpustakaan UI, Arsip Kompas Data, Arsip Markas PMI, Koleksi Pusat Data Antara, dan sumber daring lainnya. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kerja sama yang dilakukan PMI dalam upaya mengumpulkan bantuan kemanusiaan sesuai dengan konsep diplomasi kemanusiaan.......This article discusses the role of the Indonesian Red Cross (PMI) in the Iraq-Kuwait conflict in 1991. PMI collects donations in the form of money and necessities from the Indonesian government and citizens to be distributed to victims of the crisis. This PMI’s aid-raising is a concept known as humanitarian diplomacy. This concept refers to persuading decision makers and opinion leaders to act based on the principle of humanity. The actors are not limited to government officials, but also involve non-government actors including humanitarian organizations. In this context, PMI has succeeded in collaborating with the Government, community organizations, and the mass media in Indonesia in collecting humanitarian aid for the victims of the Iraq-Kuwait Conflict. This not only impacted the internal development of the PMI, but also build Indonesia's image in the world. This article uses historical methods consisting of heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The author uses data from historical sources in the form of archives, contemporary magazines and newspapers, interviews, books, and articles obtained through the Indonesian National Archives, UI Library, Kompas Data Archives, PMI Headquarters Archives, Antara Data Center Collections, and other online sources. The results of this study indicate that the cooperation carried out by PMI in an effort to collect humanitarian aid is in accordance with the concept of humanitarian diplomacy."

"ABSTRACTInternational humanitarian law and international human rights law seek to prevent people from going missing, and to clarify the fate and whereabouts of hose who do go missing while upholding the right to know of their relatives. When implementing international law at the domestic level, national authorities should plan carefully before engaging in any policy or legal reform that will address the issue of missing persons and the response to the needs of their families. This article seeks to present a general overview of the provisions of international law that are relevant to understanding the role of national implementation vivis the clarification of the fate and whereabouts of missing persons and the response to the needs of their relatives. It also presents the role that the ICRC has played in this regard and highlights three challenges that may arise at the national level when working on legal and policy reforms."