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"Sebagai negara berkembang, di Indonesia saat ini sedang marak pelaksanaan pembangunan infrastruktur. Kemudian  Terdapat proyek-proyek infrastruktur (khususnya proyek jalan tol) yang masuk dalam proyek strategis nasional namun memiliki kelayakan yang rendah secara finansial , hal ini menjadi kasus penelitian untuk  memperoleh skenario/skema investasi agar proyek tersebut bisa tetap dapat diimplementasikan sesuai dengan rencana pemerintah. Analisis akan dilakukan dengan melakukan studi kasus yang mendalam tentang proyek Infrastruktur yang memiliki tingkat kelayakan investasi yang rendah di Indonesia. Studi kasus dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang jelas tentang suatu masalah, serta melakukan identifikasi bagaimana solusi/strategi terbaik untuk meningkatkan kelayakan proyek ini agar dapat tetap diimplementasikan serta  mengetahui dampak dari penerapan skenario terbaik terhadap kelayakan finansial nya. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, pembangunan jalan tol hanya sampai Besuki ternyata merupakan skenario terbaik yang menghasilkan tingkat kelayakan terbaik. Alternatif lain adalah dukungan pemerintah untuk menyelesaikan jalan tol dari Besuki hingga Banyuwangi. Adanya dukungan pemerintah berupa VGF agar jalan tol Probolinggo Banyuwangi dapat terhubung dan memberikan tingkat pengembalian investasi yang menguntungkan bagi investor, dalam hal ini Badan Usaha Jalan Tol.......As a developing country, Indonesia is currently rampant in implementing infrastructure development. However, there are infrastructure projects (especially toll road projects) that are included in the National Strategic Project (PSN) but have low financial feasibility. Despite this, they are economically and socially politically feasible, and require a particular strategy to ensure the project can still be implemented. The analysis will be conducted by conducting in-depth case studies on infrastructure projects with low investment feasibility in Indonesia. These case studies aim to obtain a clear picture of the problem and identify the best solution/strategy to improve the feasibility of the project, enabling its implementation. Additionally, the impact of implementing the best scenario on its financial feasibility will be determined. Based on the analysis results, shortening the toll road segment is the best scenario that offers the highest financial feasibility. The second alternative involves seeking construction support from the Government to complete the toll road from Besuki to Banyuwangi, which represents the final stretch of the toll road on Java Island. The provision of VGF (Viability Gap Funding) in the form of construction support aims to facilitate the connection of the Probolinggo-Banyuwangi toll road and ensure a profitable rate of return on investment for Toll Road Business Entities, who are the investors in this project."

"Penyediaan infrastruktur gas bumi di IKN Nusantara menjadi tantangan tersendiri karena terbatasnya infrastruktur gas bumi terpasang di sekitar Kalimantan Timur dan jumlah kebutuhan/permintaan gas bumi di IKN Nusantara yang tidak besar. Kedua hal tersebut secara langsung mempengaruhi keekonomian proyek agar dapat memenuhi indikator kelayakan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan asesmen terhadap alternatif penyediaan infrastruktur yang mampu memberikan benefit optimal. Penelitian dalam tesis ini mengkaji alternatif penyediaan infrastruktur gas bumi di IKN Nusantara dapat mencapai kelayakan secara tekno ekonomi dengan tiga kelompok utama opsi moda transportasi gas bumi, yaitu (1) moda pipa penyalur (pipeline), (2) moda beyond pipeline, dan (3) kombinasi kedua moda tersebut. Berdasarkan perhitungan dan analisis teknikal, opsi kombinasi: pipeline dan LNG adalah yang paling aplikatif, terbaik, dan layak sebagai solusi penyediaan gas bumi di IKN Nusantara untuk pelanggan rumah tangga, kecil dan komersial dengan biaya investasi (CAPEX) sebesar Rp 6 triliun hingga tahun 2045. Agar proyek penyediaan gas bumi di IKN Nusantara dapat layak dan memberikan manfaat bagi badan usaha yang akan ditunjuk oleh pemerintah, maka harga jual gas bumi kepada pelanggan rumah tangga, kecil, dan komersial adalah sebesar Rp 13.250,- sehingga memberikan nilai NPV sebesar Rp 1,4 triliun, IRR sebesar 10,961%, dan PBP pada tahun ke-14,48. Variabel yang paling berpengaruh pada kelayakan ekonomi proyek adalah CAPEX dan harga jual gas bumi, sehingga diperlukan peran pemerintah berupa kompensasi seperti subsidi atau penetapan harga jual gas bumi yang sesuai agar proyek penyediaan gas bumi di IKN Nusantara dapat menarik bagi badan usaha untuk berinvestasi di IKN Nusantara.......The provision of natural gas infrastructure in IKN Nusantara is a challenge due to the limited natural gas infrastructure installed around East Kalimantan and the amount of natural gas demand in IKN Nusantara which is not large. Both directly affect the economics of the project to meet the feasibility indicators. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the options for infrastructure provision that may provide optimal benefits. This study assesses how feasible it is for a natural gas infrastructure project in IKN Nusantara to achieve techno-economic viability under three main groups of natural gas distribution options, i.e., (1) pipeline mode, (2) beyond-pipeline, and (3) the combination of both mode options. Based on the calculations and technical analysis, the combination option: LNG and pipeline is the most applicable, best, and feasible option as a natural gas supply solution in IKN Nusantara for household, small and commercial customers with an investment cost (CAPEX) of Rp 6 trillion until 2045. For the natural gas supply project in IKN Nusantara to be feasible and provide benefits for the business entity later appointed by the government, the selling price of natural gas to household customers, small, and commercial customers is at Rp 13,250, - thus providing an NPV value of Rp 1.4 trillion, IRR of 10.961%, and PBP in year 14.48. The variables that play the most role in influencing project feasibility are CAPEX and natural gas selling price, so that the government's role is needed in the form of subsidies or setting appropriate selling prices so that natural gas supply projects may attract business entities to invest in IKN Nusantara."

"Infrastructure projects in developing countries are crucial to improve the interconnectivity and equality of national economic development. However, infrastructure projects may lead to social impacts. For example, land acquisition may cause involuntary resettlement that may impact the livelihoods of Project-Affected People (PAP).The land is a critical resource for infrastructure development and the government has established regulations to stipulate land acquisition mechanisms and mitigate the social impacts. However, in practice, social impacts onPAP are usually insufficiently mitigated. Based on applicable regulation, the cost for land acquisition must be calculated with fair compensation, considering both physical and economic losses. It is common that residualimpacts remain as some aspects are not fully counted such as: post-land acquisition life management and sustainability of life for squatters without legal ownership assets and are usually left behind. On the otherh and, investors have concern with this risk as it can affect investment value and project sustainability. Here,we propose thoughts of improvements for a better practice of land acquisition mechanism and Institutional arrangement with a case study in Indonesia. The proposed improvement is expected to achieve a win-win solution for Project Proponent and PAP by minimizing the economic losses and increasing the benefits shared between land users and the affected communities. This paper also highlights the importance of Stake holders’ engagement on effective management of the residual impact of land for infrastructure development in Indonesia. In this case, Stakeholders include Regulators, Project Proponent, Financiers, Local Government,NGOs, and other relevant stakeholders)."

"The economists develop the incomplete contracting theory to analyze how to furthest avoid the inefficiency due to contractual completeness. The contract for the exchange is incomplete so that the buyer and seller have room for discretion, which means to behave in ways the other did not fully agree to. Incomplete contracts create a zone of discretion in which both parties can make choices that influence the outcomes they both receive. Unfortunately, empirical analyses relating to PPPs and incomplete contracting theory are few. Our knowledge of contract management is largely rooted in complete contracts, yet as we move beyond contract specification and further into the contract lifecycle, we know little about how and why public and private managers exert their residual rights of control, and its potential impacts on the efficiency of contract. In this research, the author will turn to case study approach to assess current and past PPP relationships and to exact lessons for future partnerships. A semi-structured interview protocol will be developed to interview respondents. Contract documentation and supplemental documentation will also be obtained from interviewed public managers. Our expected results will contribute to the literature on contract management capacity as well as our better understanding of how public and private contract managers use incomplete contracting theory, property rights theory, and relational contracting to consciously discern and overcome managerial challenges of long-term contract in the field of PPP."