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"Kazakhstan merupakan negara republik yang baru saja merdeka pada 16 Desember 1991 dan merupakan pecahan dari Uni Soviet. Sejak bubarnya Uni Soviet, Kazakhstan masih berhubungan baik secara ekonomi dan politik dengan Rusia. Namun, dinamika keagamaan di Kazakhstan sangat tinggi dan berbeda dengan Rusia. Muslim dan Kristen Ortodoks mencoba menerima agama dan budaya baru tersebut ketika pasca-kemerdekaan. Penelitian ini mengangkat tiga permasalahan, yaitu (1) Bagaimana masuknya Islam dan Bangsa Kazakh di Kazakhstan, (2) Bagaimana kehidupan keislaman di Kazakhstan pada masa ketika menjadi bagian Uni Soviet, (3) Bagaimana keadaan Islam dan gambaran kehidupan Muslim di Kazakhstan pasca-bubarnya Uni Soviet. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi Islam yang berada di Kazakhstan dan dampaknya dari kekuasaan komunis Uni Soviet yang sangat lama terhadap Islam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data menggunakan studi pustaka dari beberapa sumber bacaan. Dua teori dalam tulisan ini adalah teori reproduksi budaya dan juga teori modernisasi. Hasil dari penulisan adalah ditemukannya beberapa sejarah masuknya Islam di Kazakhstan dan mengetahui tentang bangsa Kazakh, keadaan Islam pada era Soviet, serta perkembangan Islam pasca-kemerdekaan hingga berjalan tiga dekade.

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Kazakhstan is a republic that just became independent on December 16, 1991 and is part of the Soviet Union. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Kazakhstan has remained on good terms economically and politically with Russia. However, the religious dynamics in Kazakhstan is very high and different from that of Russia. Muslim and Orthodox Christians try to accept the new culture and religion after independence. This research is based in several issues, namely (1) How Islam was entering and the identity of the Kazakh nation in Kazakhstan, (2) How was Islamic life in Kazakhstan at the time when it was part of the Soviet Union, (3) What was the state of Islam and what was the picture of Muslim life in Kazakhstan after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. This research aims to determine the condition of Islam in Kazkahstan and the impact of the Soviet Union’s long-standing communist rule on Islam. This study uses a descriptive method with data collection using literature studies from several reading sources. The theory in this reseacrh is theory of cultural reproduction and also the theory of modernization. The results of the research are the discovery of some of the history of the Islam was entering in Kazakhstan and knowing about the Kazakh nation, the state of Islam in the Soviet era, and the development of Islam after independence for three decades.

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"This volume brings together the results of international and interdisciplinary long-term studies on the new desert ecosystem and is divided into four main sections. The first section provides an overview of the physical characteristics of the area and covers geological, pedological, geomorphological and climatological aspects and their dynamics, especially dust-storm dynamics. The second focuses on the biotic aspects and highlights the spatial and temporal patterns of the flora and fauna. In the third section studies and projects aiming to combat desertification by phytomelioration and to develop strategies for the conservation of biodiversity are presented. The book is rounded off with a section providing a synthesis and conclusions."

"Buku ini memberikan gambaran umum mengenai 15 republik yang menjadi bagian dari Uni Soviet."

"Artikel ini membahas bagaimana bantuan keamanan militer CSTO dalam kerusuhan di Kazakhstan tahun 2022 dibingkai sebagai upaya penegasan pengaruh Rusia oleh media The New York Times. Menggunakan model analisis pembingkaian Pan & Kosicki, analisis ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahwa The New York Times sebagai media Barat tidak memberitakan keterlibatan militer CSTO sebagai bantuan, melainkan sebagai upaya Rusia untuk menegaskan pengaruhnya. Hasilnya The New York Times terbukti membingkai bantuan keamanan militer CSTO sebagai upaya penegasan pengaruh Rusia atas republik-republik bekas Soviet, yakni dengan menonjolkan Rusia atau Putin sebagai yang paling berperan, dan kemudian menggambarkan keterlibatan itu sebagai intervensi, keuntungan bagi Rusia sendiri, kedok untuk menetap tanpa batas waktu, bantuan yang tidak dibutuhkan dan tidak diinginkan, bantuan yang mengkhawatirkan masyarakat Kazakhstan, bantuan yang tidak tulus, menghambat proses demokrasi, serta merugikan masyarakat dan pemimpin Kazakhstan sendiri.

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This article discusses how CSTO's military security assistance in the Kazakhstan unrest in 2022 is framed as a Russia’s effort to assert its influence by The New York Times. Using the Pan & Kosicki framing analysis model, this analysis aims to prove that The New York Times as a western media does not report on CSTO's military involvement as aid, but as an attempt by Russia to assert its influence. As the result, The New York Times proved to frame the CSTO military security assistance as an effort by Russia to assert its influence over the former Soviet republics, by highlighting Russia or Putin as the most important, and then describing the involvement as intervention, a benefit for Russia itself, a guise for staying indefinitely, unneeded and unwanted assistance, assistance that worries the people of Kazakhstan, insincere assistance, hinders the democratic process, and is detrimental to the people and leaders of Kazakhstan itself."