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"Negara-negara Nordik adalah sekelompok negara yang dianggap sukses membangunnegaranya. Di tiga area kajian ilmu Hubungan Internasional, yakni Politik-Keamanan,Ekonomi-Politik, dan Sosial-Budaya, negara-negara Nordik tidak luput dari posisipuncak indikator keberhasilan. Dalam praktiknya, negara-negara Nordik ini menganutgagasan pembangunan welfare state model Nordik. Meski welfare state model Nordiksudah berhasil memajukan negara-negara Nordik, gagasan ini belum mendapat perhatianserius dalam literatur-literatur ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Tulisan ini mengkajibagaimana literatur melihat faktor-faktor penunjang kesuksesan gagasan pembangunanwelfare state model Nordik. Literatur berpendapat bahwa kesuksesan welfare state model Nordik didukung oleh dua faktor yang berbeda, yakni karakteristik masyarakat yangmuncul secara alamiah dari masyarakat, dan kebijakan institusional yang dipengaruhisecara signifikan oleh negara. Dalam praktiknya, kedua faktor ini tidak terpisah secara eksklusif, melainkan memengaruhi satu sama lain memperkuat keunikan welfare statemodel Nordik itu sendiri. Menggunakan metode taksonomi, pemetaan literatur dilakukanberdasarkan dua faktor tersebut. Kajian literatur menemukan adanya lima karakteristikmasyarakat Nordik dan empat kebijakan institusional khas negara Nordik yangmenunjang kesuksesan welfare state model Nordik. Lima karakteristik masyarakatNordik tersebut adalah solider, percaya pada negara sebagai solusi masalah sosial,memiliki kesamaan pandangan ideasional, dan egaliter. Sedangkan empat faktorkebijakan institusional khas negara Nordik yang ditemukan dalam literatur adalahdekomodifikasi hak sosial, pajak progresif, collective bargaining antar aktor, dan aktifmengadvokasi perdamaian dan pembangunan di tingkat internasional. Berdasarkan kajianliteratur, perspektif literatur tampak masih kuat akan bias Barat. Hal ini menjadi salahsatu celah riset utama, selain celah riset lainnya seperti kajian mendalam tiap-tiap faktor dan kajian komparatif penerapan gagasan welfare state model Nordik di negara-negaranon-Nordik.

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Nordic countries are considered successful in their developmental programs. In the three areas of International Relations studies, namely Political-Security, Political Economy, and Socio-Cultural, the Nordic countries oftenly gets better scores than the rest of the world. In practice, these Nordic countries adhere to the Nordic model of Welfare State development ideas. Although the Nordic model of Welfare State has succeeded in

advancing Nordic countries, this idea has not received serious attention in the International Relations literature. This paper examines how the literature captures the

factors supporting the success of the Nordic model Welfare State development ideas.

Literature argues that the success of the Nordic model of Welfare State is supported by

two different factors, namely the characteristics of society that arise naturally from the people, and institutional policies that are significantly influenced by the state. In practice, these two factors are not exclusively separated, but instead influencing one another to strengthen the uniqueness of the welfare state of the Nordic model itself. Using the taxonomic method, literature mapping is based on these two factors. Literature finds five characteristics of the people of Nordic and four unique Nordic states institutional policies that support the Nordic model of Welfare State. The five characteristics of the people of Nordic are solidarity, trusting the state as a solution to societal problems, having similar ideational views, and egalitarian. Whereas the four Nordic institutional policies factors

found in the literature are decommodification of social rights, progressive taxes,

collective bargaining between actors, and actively advocating for peace and development

at the international level. Based on the literature examined, the literature perspective seems to be still strong in Western bias. This has become one of the main research gaps, in addition to other research gaps such as an in-depth study of each factor and a comparative study of the application of Nordic model of Welfare State ideas in non-

Nordic countries."

"Indonesia adalah negara yang pernah menempatkan reforma agraria sebagai agenda bangsauntuk menata agraria pedesaan melalui pelaksanaan UUPA 1960. Namun, Reforma Agrariatidak berlanjut seiring naiknya kekuasaan Orba. Pada 1980-an tumbuh kembali gerakanmasyarakat pedesaan yang diakibatkan oleh konflik agraria dan perampasan tanah. Gerakantersebut tumbuh bersama kalangan aktivis mahasiswa yang kelak menjadi pelopor gerakanreforma agraria dan sebagian juga menjadi scholar activist. Posta Soeharto, kesempatanpolitik membuat gerakan sosial mampu mendesakkan agena reforma agraria melaluipembaruan hukum agraria. Pada perkembangan selanjutnya, pada masa pemerintahah SBY(2004-2014) hingga era Jokowi (2014-2019) aktivis memiliki kesempatan menjadiInstitutional Activist yang bekerja dalam kekuasaan negara. Pada saat bersamaan, wacanadan agenda reforma agraria dan pembangunan pedesaan juga diadopsi oleh lembaga BankDunia yang berpengaruh besar kepada K/L di Indonesia. Tesis ini membahas tentang perananinstitusional aktivis dan gerakan sosial dalam kebijakan Perpres 86/2018 tentang ReformaAgraria dan kontestasi gagasan antar aktor dalam perumusan kebijakan tersebut. Temuanpenelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa keberhasilan institusional aktivis ditentukan olehkemampuan mereka memanfaatkan arena (institusi), reputasi secholar activist dan dinamikaantar aktor baik yang beradan di dalam dan di luar kekuasaan pada perumusan menimbulkandinamika di kalangan aktivis dan gerakan sosial dalam mendorong perubahan kebijakan dankepiawaian dalam memanfatkan peluang politik yang tersedia.

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Indonesia is a country that once put agrarian reform as the nation's agenda to reform ruralbased

agrarian structure through the implementation of the 1960 Basic Agrarian Law

(BAL). However, these efforts did not continue as the New Order's power rose. In the

1980s, the wakening of rural-based social movement caused by agrarian conflicts and

land grabbing. The movement grew along with student activists who later became

pioneers in the agrarian reform movement and some also became scholar activists. After

the fall of Soeharto era, political opportunity made social movements able to push for

agrarian reform agenda through the reform of agrarian law. Later on, during the SBY era

(2004-2014) until the Joko Widodo era (2014-2019), activists had the opportunity to

become institutional activists who worked in state power. At the same time, the discourse

and the agenda of agrarian reform and rural development were also adopted by the World

Bank institutions which had a strong influence on the ministries and or state’s institution

in Indonesia. This thesis discusses the policy formulation that contested each other in the

formulation of agrarian reform policy in Indonesia until the birth of the Presidential

Decree No.86/2018 on Agrarian Reform (Perpres RA). The contestation continued after

the endorsement. This situation leads to dynamics among activists and social movements

in encouraging a policy change on agrarian reform until the birth of the decree, including

on how the movement took advantage in regards to legal opportunity of the Perpres RA

at the national level to the village level"