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"ABSTRAKResistensi antibiotik telah menjadi ancaman global. Salah satu contoh organisme yang resisten terhadap lebih dari satu antibiotik adalah methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA . Dalam menghadapi permasalahan ini, alternatif yang dapat dipilih adalah dengan menggunakan tanaman herbal, yaitu Samanea saman. Oleh sebab itu, perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui efek antibakteri Samanea saman pada MRSA dan non-MRSA.Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak Samanea saman pada MRSA dan non-MRSAMetode: Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode eksperimental. Untuk memperoleh nilai minimum inhibitory concentration MIC digunakan broth dilution method. Selain itu, dilakukan pula penentuan nilai minimum bactericidal concentration MBC , dan jumlah koloni.Hasil: Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun Samanea saman terbukti tidak memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap MRSA dan non-MRSA. Bakteri tumbuh di seluruh konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan. Nilai MIC dan MBC tidak dapat ditentukan. Selain itu, jumlah koloni bakteri pada setiap plat terhitung melebihi 250 koloni. Aktivitas antibakteri Samanea saman pada MRSA dan non-MRSA tidak dapat dibandingkan.Kesimpulan: Ekstrak metanol daun Samanea saman tidak memiliki efek antibakteri terhadap MRSA dan non-MRSA Kata kunci: MBC; MIC; MRSA; non-MRSA; Samanea saman.

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ABSTRACTAntibacterial resistance has been such a global burden nowadays. The well known example of multi drug resistance organism is the methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA . In response to the antibacterial resistance, the alternative that can be considered is the usage of herbal plant such as Samanea saman. Therefore, a research needs be conducted to investigate the antibacterial effect of Samanea saman on MRSA and non MRSA. Purpose This research aim is to compare the antibacterial activity of Samanea saman extract on MRSA and non MRSAMethods This research is an experimental study. To obtain the value of minimum inhibitory concentration MIC , broth dilution method was used. The value of minimum bactericidal concentration MBC and the number of colonies were also determined.Result This study revealed that methanol extract of Samanea saman leaves has no antimicrobial activity against MRSA and non MRSA. The bacteria grow in all concentration of the extract and therefore the MIC and MBC value could not be obtained. The level of antibacterial activity of Samanea saman in MRSA and non MRSA could not be compared.Conclusion The methanol extract of Samanea saman leaves does not have any antibacterial effect against MRSA and non MRSA. Key words MBC MIC MRSA non MRSA Samanea saman"

"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) merupakan bakteri yang resisten terhadap antibiotik methicillin dan antibiotik golongan β-laktam lainnya. MRSA adalah patogen umum di rumah sakit dan masyarakat. Isolasi MRSA tidak mudah dilakukan karena seringkali bercampur atau terkontaminasi dengan flora normal seperti coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) yaitu Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Studi ini menggunakan metode fenotipik berupa pengamatan morfologi, pengecatan Gram, Uji biokimia, serta kepekaan antibiotik sedangkan uji genotipik (metode molekular) berupa PCR gen nuc dan mec, SCCmec typing, MLST dan sekuensing. Subyek penelitian sebanyak 48 isolat tersimpan di Laboratorium Bakteriologi Molekular, Lembaga Eijkman Jakarta. Diperoleh sebanyak 33 sampel (68.75%) memiliki tipe 5 ccr, 9 sampel (18.75 %) tipe 2 ccr dan 6 sampel (12.5 %) nontypeable. Sequence type (ST) yang dominan pada penelitian ini adalah ST239 (2-3- 1-1-4-4-3) dan merupakan strain yang multidrug resistant dominan. Pada penelitian ini semua isolat MRSA yang berjumlah 48 isolat telah dikonfirmasi memiliki ciri-ciri fenotipik yang sesuai, yaitu Gram positif coccus menyerupai buah anggur, β-hemolisis, oksidase negatif, katalase positif dan koagulase positif. Sifat bakteri MRSA secara genotipik mempunyai gen nuc dan gen mecA positif. Hubungan antara sifat genotipe dan sifat fenotipe MRSA yang terlihat dalam penelitian ini adalah semua isolat MRSA yang multidrug resistant (uji secara fenotipik) juga merupakan sequence type yang dominan di rumah sakit (uji genotipik).

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Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterium that is resistant to the methicillin antibiotics and other β-lactam group antibiotics. MRSA is a common pathogen in hospitals and communities. Isolation of MRSA is not easy to do because it is often mixed or contaminated with normal flora such as coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS), namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus.

This study used phenotypic methods in the form of morphological observations, Gram staining, biochemical tests, and antibiotic sensitivity while genotypic tests (molecular methods) in the form of nuc and mec PCR, SCCmec typing, MLST and sequencing. The research subjects were 48 isolates stored in the Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Eijkman Institute Jakarta. Thirty three samples (68.75%) had type 5 ccr, 9 samples (18.75%) type 2 ccr and 6 samples (12.5%) nontypeable. The dominant sequence type (ST) in this study is ST239 (2-3-1-1-4-4-3) and is a multidrug resistant dominant strain.

In this study, all isolates of MRSA, total of 48 isolates, were confirmed to have appropriate phenotypic features, which are Gram positive cocci resembling grapes, β-hemolysis, negative oxidase, positive catalase and positive coagulase. Genotypically all isolates have positive nuc gene and mecA gene. The relationship between genotype features and MRSA phenotype seen in this study is that MRSA isolates that are multidrug resistant (phenotypic test) are also the dominant sequence types in the hospital (genotypic test). "

"ABSTRAKIndonesia adalah negara yang selalu menghadapi ancaman dari penyakitan inkesius, sama seperti negara tropis lain. Kuman-kuman yang menyebabkan penyakit tersebut, telah menjadi resisten. Ancaman dari kuman resisten telah berkembang, dan obat herbal harus dianggap sebagai salah satu obat alternatif. Indonesia adalah negara yang kultural dan mempunyai kekayaan tanaman dan rempah-rempah. Rempah-rempah ini bisa ditemui dimana-mana, dan dipakai oleh mayoritas masyarakat. Cengkeh Syzygium aromaticum , yang sering dipakai untuk mengobati infeksi local, adalah salah satu contohnya. Efeknya Syzygium aromaticum terhadap Methicillin-resistent Staphylococcus aureus, salah satu kuman etiologinya infeksi lokal dan sistemik, harus dipelajari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efeknya ekstrak Syzygium aromaticum terhadap kultur Methicillin resistent Staphylococcus aureus MRSA . Penelitian ini mengunakan methode eksperimental. Parameter yang diukur di penelitian ini adalah Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC dan Minimum Bactericidal Concentration MBC . Methode yang digunakan untuk mencari konsentrasi minimal dibutuhkan untuk inhibisi bakteri MIC adalah broth dilution. Sampel dari broth dilution akan di inokulasi pada media agar, dan konsentrasi minimal dibutuhkan untuk membunuhi bakteri MBC akan bisa diukur. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa ekstrak bunga cengkeh Syzygium aromaticum mempunyai efek antimikrobial terhadap MRSA dan S aureus. MRSA MIC: 0.3906 , MBC: 0.3906 juga lebih sensitif terhadap extrak cengkeh, dibandingkan S aureus MIC: 0.7813 , MBC: 0.7813

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is under threat from infectious diseases. In addition, the microbes, which can be eliminated by common antibiotics, have become resistant. In response to antimicrobial resistance, the option of alternative medicine is also one that must be considered. Medicinal herbs are ubiquitously found and used by the people of Indonesia. The clove plant Syzygium aromaticum used in the study, is culturally used to relieve local infections. The purpose of the research is to investigate the effect of the extract of clove bud Syzygium aromaticum against cultured Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA . This is an experimental research to determine the effect of Clove S aromaticum on MRSA culture in vitro. The parameters being measured are the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration MIC and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration MBC . Using the broth microdilution method, we can semi quantitatively find the minimum concentration required to suppress the growth of bacteria, and then streaking the samples on agar media can determine the minimum concentration required to eliminate the microbe entirely. The research revealed that Clove Syzygium aromaticum bud extract has antimicrobial properties against MRSA and Staphylococcus aureus. MRSA MIC 0.3906 , MBC 0.3906 is more susceptible to aqueous clove extract, compared to Staphylococcus aureus MIC 0.7813 , MBC 0.7813 ."

"Latar Belakang. Virulensi methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) yang berasal dari komunitas terutama karena keberadaan toksin Panton Valentin Leukocidin (PVL) dan Phenol Soluble Modulin (PSM) yang tidak dimiliki oleh MRSA yang berasal dari rumah sakit. Kedua toksin tersebut diketahui menyebabkan lisis neutrofil yang kemudian menurunkan kadar neutrofil. Tujuan. Penelitian bertujuan menilai perbedaan nilai hitung neutrofil absolut antara infeksi MRSA yang didapat dari rumah sakit dengan yang dari komunitas. Metode. Penelitian in merupakan studi potong lintang yang melibatkan pasien terinfeksi MRSA yang dirawat di RSCM pada kurun waktu 2012-2017. Klasifikasi varian MRSA dilakukan berdasarkan pola kepekaan dan resistensi kuman terhadap antibiotik non beta laktam menjadi CA-MRSA (resisten ≤ 2 antibiotik non beta laktam) dan HA-MRSA (resisten ≥ 3 antibiotik non beta laktam). Hitung neutrofil absolut diambil pada 24 jam dilakukan kultur yang positif MRSA. Uji hipotesis yang dilakukan adalah uji T tidak berpasangan bila memenuhi syarat. Hasil. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan 62 subyek dengan infeksi MRSA dengan infeksi HA-MRSA (n=35) lebih banyak dibandingkan CA-MRSA (n=27). Median hitung neutrofil absolut CA-MRSA 7410.7 (1147.3-26560.2) dan HA-MRSA 16198.0 (3921.6-28794.1) dengan p < 0.001. Kesimpulan. Dari penelitian ini terdapat perbedaan nilai hitung neutrofil absolut antara infeksi MRSA yang berasal dari rumah sakit dengan yang dari komunitas.

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Background. The virulence factors from community acquired-methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) mainly due to toxins like Panton Valentin Leukocidin (PVL) and Phenol Soluble Modulin (PSM). Both of toxins cause decrease of value through neutrophil lysis.

Objective. The objective of this research is to identify different value of absolute neutrophil count between hospital and community acquired MRSA.

Method. This is a cross sectional research which included subjects who were infected by MRSA and hospitalized during 2012-2017. Classification of MRSA were divided due to it’s sensitivity and resistance to non-beta lactam antibiotics. Isolate that resistance to ≤ 2 antibiotics were classified as CA-MRSA. The others with resistance to ≥ 3 antibiotics were HA-MRSA. Absolute neutrophils count (ANC) were collected 24 hours from the positive MRSA culture. Hypothesis were analyzed by using independent T test.

Result.  We collected 62 subjects infected by MRSA which 35 subjects were HA-MRSA and 27 subjects were CA-MRSA. The median of ANC from CA-MRSA is 7410.7 (1147.3-26560.2) and HA-MRSA 16198.0 (3921.6-28794.1) with p < 0.001.

Conclusion. There were a different value of absolute neutrophil count in infections due to community and hospital acquired MRSA. "

"Latar Belakang: Infeksi MRSA merupakan salah satu penyebab infeksi didapat di rumah sakit dan berhubungan dengan mortalitas, morbiditas, lama rawat dan biaya perawatan yang tinggi. Prevalens infeksi MRSA pasien ICU di RSUP Persahabatan mengalami kenaikan pada semester 2 tahun 2022 sebanyak 25,27% (naik 68,46%) dibandingkan semester 1 tahun. Penyebaran MRSA di ruang perawatan intensif/intensive care unit (ICU) sebagai tolak ukur infeksi di rumah sakit. Tenaga kesehatan berisiko tinggi tertular dan menularkan MRSA di rumah sakit sehingga diperlukan skrining kolonisasi MRSA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui proporsi dan faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kolonisasi MRSA pada tenaga kesehatan di ICU RSUP Persahabatan.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang yang di lakukan di ICU RSUP Persahabatan pada bulan Mei 2023. Subjek penelitian yang memiliki kriteria inklusi dan tidak ada kriteria eksklusi mengisi kuesioner mengenai faktor risiko individu, pekerjaan dan demografi. Pemeriksaan usap hidung dilakukan pada 150 subjek penelitian terdiri dari dokter dan perawat di ICU. Deteksi MRSA dengan pemeriksaan PCR menggunakan XPERT® MRSA NXG untuk mendeteksi gen SCCMecA atau MecC. Selanjutnya karakteristik subjek, proporsi MRSA pada dokter dan perawat serta faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi dievaluasi.Hasil: Penelitian ini diikuti 150 subjek penelitian. Proporsi kolonisasi MRSA pada dokter dan perawat sebesar 4%. Proporsi kolonisasi MRSA pada dokter sebesar 1(0,66%), pada perawat sebesar 5(3,3%). Variabel – variabel independen pada penelitian ini tidak mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan kolonisasi MRSA (p>0.05). Namun dalam penelitian ini terdapat proporsi kolonisasi MRSA yang besar di ruang ICU Tulip yaitu sebesar 4(18,2%) dari 21 subjek penelitian.Kesimpulan: Terdapat proporsi kolonisasi MRSA pada tenaga kesehatan yang rendah di ICU, namun didapatkan peningkatan proporsi kolonisasi MRSA pada tenaga kesehatan di ruang ICU Tulip. Perawat dan laki-laki menunjukkan risiko kolonisasi MRSA yang lebih tinggi.

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Background: MRSA infection is one of the causes of hospital-acquired infections and is associated with mortality, morbidity, long length of stay, and high treatment costs. The prevalence of MRSA infection in ICU patients at Persahabatan Hospital increased within the second six month of 2022 by 25.27% (up 68.46%) compared to the first six month of 2022. The disseminated of MRSA in intensive care units (ICU) as a measure of infection in hospitals. Health care workers are at high risk of colonizing and transmitting MRSA in hospitals, screening of carriers is required for prevention of MRSA infection. The aims of this study are to determine the proportion and factors asscociated with MRSA colonization in health care workers in the ICU at Persahabatan Hospital.

Method: This study used a cross-sectional design and was carried out in the ICU at Persahabatan Hospital in May 2023. Respondens who had inclusion criteria and no exclusion criteria filled out a questionnaire regarding individual, occupational, and demographic risk factors. Nasal swab were collected from 150 respondens who followed by doctors and nurses in the ICU. MRSA detection by PCR examination using XPERT® MRSA NXG to detect the SCCMecA or MecC gene. Furthermore, subject characteristics, the proportion of MRSA in doctors and nurses and associated factors were evaluated.

Results: There were 150 respondents in this study. The proportion of MRSA colonization among doctors and nurses was 4%. The proportion of MRSA colonization in doctors were 1 (0.66%), and the proportion of MRSA in nurses were 5 (3.3%). There were no independent variables that significantly associated MRSA colonization (p > 0.05). However, there was a large proportion of MRSA colonization found in the Tulip ICU, 4 (18.2%) of the 21 respondents. Conclusion: There was a low proportion of MRSA colonization among health care workers in the ICU, but there was an increase in the proportion of MRSA colonization among health care workers in the Tulip ICU. Nurses and men showed a higher risk of MRSA colonization."

"Latar Belakang. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) adalah bakteri yang masih menjadi masalah infeksi utama dengan kemampuan resistensi yang tinggi. Moringa oleifera (M. Oleifera) adalah tanaman yang ditemukan memiliki efek antimikroba. Kebutuhan antiseptik yang terus ada dan peningkatan resistensi membuat perlunya penelitian yang mencari jenis antiseptik baru yang dapat digunakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai efektivitas ekstrak daun M. oleifera sebagai antiseptik terhadap bakteri MRSA. Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode percentage kill dengan menggunakan media MSA. Percentage kill adalah metode yang dapat digunakan untuk menilai kemampuan bakterisidal atau fungisidal zat tertentu. Hasil percentage kill dinyatakan baik jika menunjukkan hasil ≥90%. Suspensi bakteri dicampur dengan aquades di tabung kontrol dan dengan ekstrak M. oleifera pada tabung perlakuan. Campuran dari tiap tabung akan dipindahkan 1 ml ke 9 ml akuades pada waktu kontak 1, 2, dan 5 menit. Hasil yang didapat akan dipipet ke 3 set cawan petri lalu diinkubasi selama 18—24 jam. Nilai percentage kill kemudian akan dihitung. Hasil. Hasil uji percentage kill ekstrak daun M. oleifera sebagai antiseptik terhadap bakteri MRSA didapatkan 54.24%, 69.92%, dan 90.06% pada waktu kontak 1, 2, dan 5 menit berurutan. Kesimpulan. Ektrak daun M. oleifera efektif sebagai antiseptik terhadap bakteri MRSA pada waktu kontak 5 menit.

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Introduction. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious problem that needs to be addressed because of its resistance capabilities. M. oleifera is a plant that has antimicrobial capabilities. The needs of antiseptics that will always be there and the increasing resistance capabilities of bacteria cause the need for a new form of antiseptic. This research aims to test the effectiveness of M. oleifera leaf extract as an antiseptic for MRSA. Method. This research uses the percentage kill method with MSA as the medium. Percentage kill is a method that can be used to determine the bactericidal and fungicidal capabilities of a substance. The results of a percentage kill can be called effective if they’re ≥90%. The bacterial suspension was mixed with aquadest in the control and M. oleifera extract in the treatment test tubes. From the control and extract test tube, 1 ml of the mixture was then pipetted into 9 ml of aquadest with 1, 2, and 5 minutes of contact time. The end products will then be pipetted into three set of petri dishes and incubated for 18—24 hours. The percentage kill will then be counted. Results. The result of the percentage kill test on M. oleifera leaf extract as an antiseptic for MRSA is 54.24%, 69.92%, and 90.06% on 1, 2, and 5 minutes of contact time consecutively. Conclusion. M. oleifera leaf extract is effective as an antiseptic for MRSA with 5 minutes of contact time."

"Staphylococcus aureus merupakan bakteri patogen penyebab infeksi kulit hingga pneumonia. Keberadaan S. aureus dengan sifat resistan antibiotik atau disebut sebagai Methicillin-Resistant Staohylococcus aureus (MRSA) menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan dunia. Sifat resisten antibiotik pada S. aureus dimediasi oleh dua gen, yaitu yaitu mecA dan femA. Bakteri MRSA dapat menyebar di lingkungan, salah satunya melalui sungai. Isolasi dari sampel air sungai dilakukan menggunakan metode membrane filtration yang ditumbuhkan pada medium selektif mannitol salt agar (MSA). Koloni tunggal yang memiliki warna kuning serta berhasil merubah warna medium dipilih untuk analisis lebih lanjut secara molekuler. Pendeteksian molekuler menggunakan gen STPY (257 bp), mecA (297 bp), dan femA (454 bp) dilakukan untuk memastikan spesies S. aureus dan keberadaan gen resistan. Hasil penelitian berhasil mengisolasi 16 isolat yang melalui uji molekuler didapatkan bahwa 12 di antaranya merupakan MRSA karena positif gen STPY, mecA, dan femA, atau kombinasi keduanya. Sedangkan 4 isolat lainnya terdeteksi sebagai Methicillin Resitant Stapylococcus non-aureus (MRnSA) karena tidak memiliki gen STPY, tetapi menujukkan keberadaan gen 16S rRNA Universal dan gen resistan. Empat isolat tersebut kemudian melalu tahapan sequencing dan terdeteksi sebagai S. gallinarum dan S. sciuri. Penemuan MRSA di sungai menujukkan adanya potensi penyebaran MRSA yang mendukung perluasan pemahaman mengenai keberadaan bakteri resistan antibiotik di lingkungan yang berpotensi membahayakan kesehatan masyarakat.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that causes skin infections and pneumonia. The existence of S. aureus with antibiotic-resistant properties or referred as Methicillin-Resistant Staohylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the world's health problems. The antibiotic-resistant nature of S. aureus is mediated by two genes, mecA and femA. MRSA bacteria can spread in the environment, one of which is through rivers. Isolation from river water samples was carried out using the membrane filtration method grown on selective mannitol salt agar (MSA). Single colonies that had a yellow color and changed the color of the medium were selected for molecular analysis. Molecular detection using the STPY (257 bp), mecA (297 bp), and femA (454 bp) genes was performed to confirm S. aureus species and the presence of resistance genes. The results of the study successfully isolated 16 isolates which through molecular testing found that 12 were MRSA because they were positive for the STPY, mecA, and femA genes, or a combination of both. While the other 4 isolates were detected as Methicillin Resitant Stapylococcus non-aureus (MRnSA) because they did not have the STPY gene, but showed the presence of the Universal 16S rRNA gene and the resistance gene. The four isolates then went through sequencing and were detected as S. gallinarum and S. sciuri. The discovery of MRSA in the river indicates the potential spread of MRSA which supports the expansion of understanding of the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment that could potentially endanger public health."

"Infeksi MRSA belum dapat ditangani secara efektif. Pilihan terapi yang saat ini digunakan adalah vankomisin, clindamycin, atau trimethoprim-sulfomethoxazole TMP-SMX . Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antimikroba ekstrak kulit batang Aleurites moluccana L. willd terhadap MRSA dengan harapan dapat dijadikan pengobatan alternatif untuk infeksi MRSA. Ekstrak kulit batang A. moluccana diketahui memiliki zat aktif 3-acetyl aleuritolic acid yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus. Ekstrak kulit batang A. moluccana dilarutkan dengan methanol, kemudian diencerkan dengan konsentrasi 50 g/mL, 100 g/mL, 200 g/mL, 400 g/mL, dan 800 g/mL. Pengujian dilakukan dengan metode difusi cakram, kemudian dibandingkan dengan clindamycin 20 g/mL sebagai kontrol positif dan akuades sebagai kontrol negatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak terbentuk zona hambat pada kelima konsentrasi ekstrak yang diuji. Hal ini mungkin dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi ekstrak yang diuji serta karakteristik tanaman A. moluccana yang tempat tumbuhnya berbeda antara daerah yang satu dengan yang lainnya sehingga mempengaruhi kandungan zat aktif dalam tanaman tersebut.

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MRSA infection cannot be treated effectively. Treatments being used now are vancomycin, clindamycin, or trimethoprim sulfomethoxazole TMP SMX . This research was conducted to know the antibacterial activity of Aleurites moluccana L. willd stem bark extract against MRSA so it can be used as an alternative treatment for MRSA infection. A. moluccana stem bark extract is known to have 3 acetyl that showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The extraction of A. moluccana stem bark used methanol as solvent, and then diluted to five different concentration, 50 g mL, 100 g mL, 200 g mL, 400 g mL, dan 800 g mL. The research was conducted with disc diffusion method, and then compared to clindamycin 20 g mL as positive control and aquadest as negative control. The result showed no inhibition zone for all concentration that were tested. This result could be affected by several factors, such as the extract concentration and the different characteristic of the plant according to the plant rsquo s habitat."

"ABSTRAKLatar Belakang. Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus merupakan bakteri komensal yang hidup pada manusia. Penggunaan antibiotika diikuti dengan resistensi terhadap antibiotika mengakibatkan munculnya infeksi lain, salah satunya ialah infeksi Staphylococcus aureus resisten Metisilin (MRSA). Bakteri MRSA merupakan bakteri yang resisten terhadap antibiotika metisilin, namun seiring berkembangnya waktu juga terjadi resistensi terhadap antibiotika lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kepekaan bakteri pada infeksi MSSA dan MRSA terhadap antibiotika golongan fluorokuionolon dan vankomisin. Metode. Penelitian retrospektif potong lintang (cross-sectional) ini dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia pada Januari 2018 sampai Juni 2019 dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari WHONET 5.6. Hasil. Pada tahun 2018, terdapat 45 spesimen klinik yang terinfeksi Staphylococcus aureus, dengan 43 spesimen merupakan infeksi MSSA dan 2 spesimen positif MRSA. Sementara itu, pada tahun 2019 (Januari sampai Juni 2019), terdapat 17 spesimen klinik yang terinfeksi Staphylococcus aureus, dengan 15 spesimen merupakan infeksi MSSA dan 2 spesimen positif MRSA. Berdasarkan hasil uji Kruskal Wallis, ditemukan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan sensitivitas MSSA terhadap antibiotika golongan fluorokuinolon dan vankomisin (p=0,34) dan tidak terdapat perbedaan sensitivitas MRSA terhadap antibiotika tersebut (p=0,39). Kesimpulan. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pada MRSA dan MSSA terhadap semua golongan antibiotika yang diujikan periode Januari 2018 hingga Juni 2019.

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ABSTRACT

Background. Staphylococcus aureus are commensal bacteria that live in human body. Mass use of antibiotic followed by antibiotic resistance results in infections, such as Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Like the name implies, MRSA develops resistance towards Methicillin. As time goes by, it also develops resistance towards other family of antibiotics. This research aims to compare the sensitivity of MRSA and MSSA to the family of fluoroquinolones and vancomycin. Method. This retrospective cross-sectional research was conducted in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia using secondary data from WHONET 5.6 on January 2018 until June 2019. Results. In 2018, there were 45 specimens of Staphylococcus aureus infection collected. 43 specimens were infected by MSSA and 2 specimens were MRSA positive. Meanwhile, in 2019 (January 2019 to June 2019) there were 17 specimens of Staphylococcus aureus infection collected, with 2 specimens were MRSA positive and 15 specimens were infected by MSSA. Based on Kruskal Wallis test, it was found that the sensitivity of MSSA towards fluoroquinolones and vancomycin was not significant (p=0,34) and the sensitivity of MRSA towards fluoroquinolones and vancomycin was also not significant (p=0,39). Conclusions. There is no significant difference towards fluoroquinolones and vancomycin antibiotics to MRSA and MSSA in LMK FKUI during Janury 2018 until June 2019."

"[ABSTRAK

Staphylococcus spp. peragi manitol merupakan flora normal kulit terbanyak dan sering bersifat multiresisten, serta dapat menjadi salah satu penyebab healthcare associated infection (HAI). Di Indonesia, data mengenai Staphylococcus spp. peragi manitol yang resisten metisilin belum tersedia. Penelitian ini bersifat retrospektif untuk mengetahui pola kepekaan dan karakteristik genotipik (mecA dan tipe SCCmec I-V) flora normal Staphylococcus spp peragi manitol yang diisolasi dari pasien ICU Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSUPNCM) tahun 2011, 2013 dan 2014. Dari 187 isolat, 15% di antaranya merupakan methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) yang sebagian besar resisten terhadap gentamisin (64,3%), klindamisin (50%), golongan fluorokuinolon (64,3-71,4%) dan tetrasiklin (57,1%). Sedangkan 55,6% merupakan Staphylococcus koagulase negatif resisten metisilin (MR-CoNS) yang sebagian besar resisten terhadap gentamisin (55%), fluorokuinolon (62,5-88,5%), eritromisin (91,3%), klindamisin (75%) dan rifampisin (82,7%). Resisten metisilin pada MRSA hampir semuanya disebabkan oleh gen mecA (96,4%), sedangkan pada MR-CoNS, gen mecA ditemukan pada 76,9% isolat. Tipe SCCmec yang paling banyak ditemukan pada kedua kelompok yaitu SCCmec tipe I. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa sebagian besar Staphylococcus spp. peragi manitol yang merupakan flora normal pasien yang dirawat di ICU RSUPNCM, merupakan pembawa gen mecA. Surveilens berkelanjutan dibutuhkan untuk mengetahui kecenderungan perubahan pola kepekaan dan pencegahan transmisi di fasilitas kesehatan.

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ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters are the most abundant skin normal flora. It is frequently resistant to many drugs and could become one of the causes of the healthcare associated infection (HAI). There is no data about Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters in Indonesia yet. In this restrospective study we aim to identify the susceptibility patterns and genotypic characteristics (mecA gene and SCCmec type I-V) of normal flora Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters isolated from Intensive Care Unit patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during 2011, 2013 and 2014. This study found that 15% of 187 isolates were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and mostly resistant to gentamycin (64,3%), clindamycin (50%), fluoroquinolone (64,3-71,4%) and tetracycline (57,1%). While 55,6% of the isolates were methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MR-CoNS) and mostly resistant to gentamycin (55%), fluoroquinolone (62,5-88,5%), erithromycin (91,3%), clindamycin (75%) and rifampicin (82,7%). Methicillin-resistant on almost MRSA, carried mecA gene (96.4%), while in the MR-CoNS, mecA gene was found in 76.9% of all isolates. The most common SCCmec type found was SCCmec type I. Thus, mecA gene carrier Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters were found as normal flora in intensive care patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Continuous surveillance is however, necessary to determine the tendency of changing susceptibility patterns and transmission prevention in health facilities.;Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters are the most abundant skin normal flora. It is frequently resistant to many drugs and could become one of the causes of the healthcare associated infection (HAI). There is no data about Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters in Indonesia yet. In this restrospective study we aim to identify the susceptibility patterns and genotypic characteristics (mecA gene and SCCmec type I-V) of normal flora Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters isolated from Intensive Care Unit patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during 2011, 2013 and 2014. This study found that 15% of 187 isolates were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and mostly resistant to gentamycin (64,3%), clindamycin (50%), fluoroquinolone (64,3-71,4%) and tetracycline (57,1%). While 55,6% of the isolates were methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MR-CoNS) and mostly resistant to gentamycin (55%), fluoroquinolone (62,5-88,5%), erithromycin (91,3%), clindamycin (75%) and rifampicin (82,7%). Methicillin-resistant on almost MRSA, carried mecA gene (96.4%), while in the MR-CoNS, mecA gene was found in 76.9% of all isolates. The most common SCCmec type found was SCCmec type I. Thus, mecA gene carrier Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters were found as normal flora in intensive care patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Continuous surveillance is however, necessary to determine the tendency of changing susceptibility patterns and transmission prevention in health facilities.;Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters are the most abundant skin normal flora. It is frequently resistant to many drugs and could become one of the causes of the healthcare associated infection (HAI). There is no data about Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters in Indonesia yet. In this restrospective study we aim to identify the susceptibility patterns and genotypic characteristics (mecA gene and SCCmec type I-V) of normal flora Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters isolated from Intensive Care Unit patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during 2011, 2013 and 2014. This study found that 15% of 187 isolates were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and mostly resistant to gentamycin (64,3%), clindamycin (50%), fluoroquinolone (64,3-71,4%) and tetracycline (57,1%). While 55,6% of the isolates were methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MR-CoNS) and mostly resistant to gentamycin (55%), fluoroquinolone (62,5-88,5%), erithromycin (91,3%), clindamycin (75%) and rifampicin (82,7%). Methicillin-resistant on almost MRSA, carried mecA gene (96.4%), while in the MR-CoNS, mecA gene was found in 76.9% of all isolates. The most common SCCmec type found was SCCmec type I. Thus, mecA gene carrier Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters were found as normal flora in intensive care patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Continuous surveillance is however, necessary to determine the tendency of changing susceptibility patterns and transmission prevention in health facilities., Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters are the most abundant skin normal flora. It is frequently resistant to many drugs and could become one of the causes of the healthcare associated infection (HAI). There is no data about Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters in Indonesia yet. In this restrospective study we aim to identify the susceptibility patterns and genotypic characteristics (mecA gene and SCCmec type I-V) of normal flora Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters isolated from Intensive Care Unit patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital during 2011, 2013 and 2014. This study found that 15% of 187 isolates were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and mostly resistant to gentamycin (64,3%), clindamycin (50%), fluoroquinolone (64,3-71,4%) and tetracycline (57,1%). While 55,6% of the isolates were methicillin resistant coagulase negative Staphylococcus (MR-CoNS) and mostly resistant to gentamycin (55%), fluoroquinolone (62,5-88,5%), erithromycin (91,3%), clindamycin (75%) and rifampicin (82,7%). Methicillin-resistant on almost MRSA, carried mecA gene (96.4%), while in the MR-CoNS, mecA gene was found in 76.9% of all isolates. The most common SCCmec type found was SCCmec type I. Thus, mecA gene carrier Staphylococcus spp. mannitol fermenters were found as normal flora in intensive care patients of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital. Continuous surveillance is however, necessary to determine the tendency of changing susceptibility patterns and transmission prevention in health facilities.]"