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"The Mindanao settlement of the early twentieth century was dogged by an unresolved issue: the number of Christians lured there by a state-sponsored resettlement program, which undermined privately led migration on public lands. This paper, on the development of the Homeseekers Program (1918–39), explores how the formation of a Christian Filipino settler colony in Cotabato, Mindanao, was intertwined with its self-governing capacity, demonstrated by settlers and the local government. Settler colonialism is the research framework for situating this overlooked element within the colonial pattern stemming from a fluid, multifaceted political situation. During the early American colonial period, Christians moved to Mindanao and built homes for themselves. Among them were agriculturists and educated young professionals who worked as teachers and government officials. Their arrival, essential for establishing colonial governance through public order, infrastructure building, and public health and education systems, contributed greatly to creating a settler colonial space independent from the central government and detrimental to indigenous people. Given the disorganized nature of the settlement process, however, land grabbing and squatting on public lands were common in the 1930s. This analysis demonstrates that the Christian settler colony materialized as a logical outcome of Filipino settler colonialism, leading to subtle, solid colonial governance."

"Skrispi ini mengidentifikasi arah perjuangan Bangsa Moro di Filipina mulai dari pasca-Perjanjian Tripoli hingga pembentukan Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), dari tahun 1976 sampai dengan 1990. Pergerakan Bangsa Moro pasca-Perjanjian Tripoli mengalami diversifikasi, terutama arah perjuangannya. Hal ini didorong oleh faktor internal dan eksternal Bangsa Moro. Sebelum tahun 1976, pergerakan-pergerakan Bangsa Moro mempunyai tuntutan yang sama yaitu, pemisahan diri dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Filipina. Setelah itu, muncul tuntutan membentukwilayah otonomi Muslim di Filipina Selatan. Jatuhnya kekuasaan Presiden Ferdinand Marcos di tahun 1986 membuka kembali sistem demokrasi di Filipina. Sistem ini memberikan jaminan suatu daerah membentuk wilayah otonomi. Pada tahun1990 ARMM resmi berdiri, setelah sebelumnya Qorazon Aquino menandatangani Republic Act No. 6734 tahun 1989.......This thesis identifies the direction of the Bangsa Moro struggle in the Philippines from the Tripoli Agreement to the formation of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), from 1976 to 1990. Bangsa Moro movement of post-Tripoli Agreement experiencing diversifying, especially the struggle. This is driven by internal and external factors of Bangsa Moro. Prior to 1976, movements of the Bangsa Moro to have the same demands, that is secession from the Unitary Republic of the Philippines. After that, new demands arise, the establishment of autonomous region of Muslim in South Philippines. The falls of President Ferdinand Marcos in 1986 re-open the democratic systems in the Philippines. This system guarantees a region to form an autonomous region. In 1990 ARMM was established, after previously signed law Republic Act No. 6734 in 1989 by Qorazon Aquino."

"ABSTRAKPangotoeb refers to the traditional tattooing among the Pantaron Manobo of Mindanao, a practice that has not been given a systematic description and analysis before in Philippine or Mindanao studies. After giving a review of early historical and recent reports on this practice, this article provides an ethnographic description of Pantaron Manobo tattooing on the following aspects: (a) the tattoo practitioner (and her socio-symbolic contexts); (b) tools and techniques; (c) variations in body placements; (d) basic designs; and (e) the given reasons why present-day Manobo tattoo themselves. In terms of Philippine tattooing technique, this study highlights the importance of distinguishing three modal hand movements: hand-tapping, handpoking, and incising techniques; this last is unique to Mindanao relative to the rest of the Philippines and perhaps Southeast Asia. This paper also opens a comparative and exploratory cognitive approach in studying Manobo tattooing practice. Calling for a methodological declustering of the study of tattooing from its frequent association with male/warrior identity, this article concludes by selecting a limited set of figures that appears to be an enduring schema underlying Manobo tattooing practice: (a) the central role of the female gender; (b) the unique importance of the navel/abdomen as a tattooing region of the (female) body; and (c) the importance of the ridge-pole (and the house in general) in naming tattoo figures and attributing significances. These appear to be more resonant with many other aspects of Manobo culture to warrant giving this schema a heuristic value for future studies."

"ABSTRAKSkrispi ini mengidentifikasi arah perjuangan Bangsa Moro di Filipina mulai dari pasca-Perjanjian Tripoli hingga pembentukan Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), dari tahun 1976 sampai dengan 1990. Pergerakan Bangsa Moro pasca-Perjanjian Tripoli mengalami diversifikasi, terutama arah perjuangannya. Hal ini didorong oleh faktor internal dan eksternal Bangsa Moro. Sebelum tahun 1976, pergerakan-pergerakan Bangsa Moro mempunyai tuntutan yang sama yaitu, pemisahan diri dari Negara Kesatuan Republik Filipina. Setelah itu, muncul tuntutan membentuk wilayah otonomi Muslim di Filipina Selatan. Jatuhnya kekuasaan Presiden Ferdinand Marcos di tahun 1986 membuka kembali sistem demokrasi di Filipina. Sistem ini memberikan jaminan suatu daerah membentuk wilayah otonomi. Pada tahun 1990 ARMM resmi berdiri, setelah sebelumnya Qorazon Aquino menandatangani Republic Act No. 6734 tahun 1989.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis identifies the direction of the Bangsa Moro struggle in the Philippines from the Tripoli Agreement to the formation of the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), from 1976 to 1990. Bangsa Moro movement of post-Tripoli Agreement experiencing diversifying, especially the struggle. This is driven by internal and external factors of Bangsa Moro. Prior to 1976, movements of the Bangsa Moro to have the same demands, that is secession from the Unitary Republic of the Philippines. Al'ter that, new demands arise, the establishment of autonomous region of Muslim in South Philippines. The falls of President Ferdinand Marcos in 1986 re-open the democratic Systems in the Philippines. This system guarantees a region to form an autonomous region. In 1990 ARMM was established, after previously signed law Republic Act No. 6734 in 1989 by Qorazon Aquino."

"Mindanao, a large tract of fertile, unexplored land with abundant natural resources in the southern Philippines, attracted much attention from American capitalists and entrepreneurs as well as Filipino policymakers and settlers beginning in 1898. However, little is known about how it attracted Christian Filipino settlers in the early twentieth century. It remains unclear how the government-led national settlement project of 1939 evolved and was implemented following the Cotabato agricultural colony project. This paper, focusing on the vital role of Filipino technocrats, aims to explore their contribution to the planning of Mindanao’s settlement and the motives behind their drafting of related bills in the Philippine legislature. The technocrats, taking their inspiration from California’s State Settlement Land Act of 1917, drafted bills to promote a similar project—yet their plans had little chance of being enacted, as they were enormously expensive. The settlement plan materialized as the Quirino-Recto Colonization Act of 1934, in response to American concerns that the growing Japanese community in Mindanao threatened the Philippines’ national security. Depicted as a national security issue, the plan became increasingly divorced from its original aims of increasing food production and promoting population redistribution. Further, American intervention both altered Mindanao’s development plans and overlooked indigenous people’s rights."