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Abstrak :
Nanomedicine is defined as the application of nanobiotechnology in clinical medicine, which is currently being used to research the pathomechanism of disease, refine molecular diagnostics, and aid in the discovery, development, and delivery of drugs.

Abstrak :
Lamivudin adalah obat anti retroviral (ARV) yang termasuk dalam kategori inhibitor Nukleosida Reverse Transcriptase (NRTI) yang digunakan dalam pengobatan Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) dan hepatitis B. Kitosan telah digunakan secara luas sebagai matriks dalam sistem pelepasan obat (drug release system) dalam bentuk nanopartikel baik pada ARV yang bersifat hidrofobik maupun hidrofilik. Namun untuk meningkatkan kemampuannya dalam mengikat lamivudin (yang bersifat hidrofilik), maka diperlukan modifikasi untuk meningkatkan sifat hidrofilisitas kitosan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan modifikasi nanopartikel kitosan menggunakan ektrak daun mengkudu sebagai penghantar obat lamivudin yang memiliki efisiensi enkapsulasi yang tinggi. Modifikasi dilakukan dengan penambahan fraksi air daun mengkudu (FDM) yang mengandung polifenol sehingga mampu meningkatkan hidrofilisitas kitosan dan polietilen glikol (PEG) sebagai penyalut obat. Kitosan yang telah dimodifikasi selanjutnya dimuat dengan lamivudin dan ditambah dengan agen pengikat silang natrium tri polifosfat (TPP) menghasilkan nanodrug lamivudin dalam sistem penghantar kitosan-PEG. Hasil karakterisasi dengan partikel size analyzer (PSA) nanodrug menunjukkan ukuran partikel nanodrug sebesar 12,19 nm. Efisiensi enkapsukasi nanodrug sebesar 93,02 % ± 1,03 % pada kapasitas loading 31,22%. Hasil uji pelepasan obat lamivudin dari nanodrug yang dilakukan secara in vitro dengan alat uji disolusi pada media dapar fosfat pH 3,0 selama 4 jam,  pH 6,8 dan pH 7,4 selama 24 jam berturut – turut adalah 45,79%, 91,31% dan 83,06%. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa fraksi air daun mengkudu dapat digunakan untuk memodifikasi nanopartikel kitosan sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai sebagai penghantar obat lamivudin dengan efisiensi enkapsulasi yang tinggi dan bersifat lepas bertahap (sustained release).

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Lamivudin is an antiretroviral drug (ARV) which belongs to the category of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase (NRTI) inhibitors used in the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and hepatitis B. Chitosan has been widely used as a matrix in drug delivery systems in nanoparticles which is good in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic ARV drugs. However, to improve its ability to bind lamivudin (which is hydrophilic), modification is needed to improve the hydrophilicity properties of chitosan. This study aims to modify chitosan nanoparticles using noni leaf extract as a drug delivery system for lamivudin and give high encapsulation efficiency. Modification was carried out by addingwater extracts of noni leaf containing polyphenols to increase the hydrophilicity of chitosan, and poly ethylene glycol (PEG) as drug coating. The modified chitosan was then loaded with lamivudin and coupled with sodium tri polyphosphate (TPP) crosslinking agent to produce lamivudine nanodrug in a chitosan-PEG drug delivery system. Characterization by particle size analyzer (PSA) showed that nanodrug particle size is 12.19 nm. The efficiency of nanodrug encapsulation is 93.02% ± 1.03% on 31.22% loading concentration. The results of drug release test of lamivudin by dissolution tester on phosphate buffer pH 3.0 for 4 hours; 6.8 and 7.4 for 24 hours are 45.79%, 91.31% and 83.06% respectively. It can be concluded that the water extracts of noni leaf can be used to modify chitosan nanoparticles so that it can be used as a nanocarrier or drug delivery system for lamivudin with high encapsulation efficiency and sustained release.

Abstrak :
This book addresses questions of ethics, socio-political policies and regulatory aspects of novel Nanomedicine-based products which are currently under development for the diagnosis and treatment of different types of diseases. It is divided in two parts. Part I is composed of the first 3 chapters, which focus on the ?fundamentals? of legal aspects, emerging threats, advantages and disadvantages of patenting Nanomedicines, whereas part II collects 12 chapters discussing different types of Nanomedicine-based products, their potential marketing aspects and patent protection. Whenever applied, each chapter offers a list of patents, based on a specific application in drug delivery and targeting.

Abstrak :
This book explores current research on nanomaterials in imaging and biological research, nanomaterials as a biosensing tool, DNA nanotechnology, nanomaterials for drug delivery, medicinal and therapeutic application and cytotoxicity of nanomaterials.

Abstrak :
This book clearly demonstrates the progression of nanoparticle therapeutics from basic research to applications. This book, unlike others covering nanoparticles used in medical applications, presents the medical challenges that can be reduced or even overcome by recent advances in nanoscale drug delivery. Each chapter highlights recent progress in the design and engineering of select multifunctional nanoparticles with topics covering targeting, imaging, delivery, diagnostics, and therapy.

Abstrak :
This book highlights the recent advances of thermodynamics and biophysics in drug delivery nanosystems and in biomedical nanodevices. The up-to-date book provides an in-depth knowledge of bio-inspired nanotechnological systems for pharmaceutical applications. Biophysics and thermodynamics, supported by mathematics, are the locomotive by which the drug transportation and the targeting processes will be achieved under the light of the modern pharmacotherapy. They are considered as scientific tools that promote the understanding of physicochemical and thermotropic functionality and behavior of artificial cell membranes and structures like nanoparticulate systems. Therefore, this book focusses on new aspects of biophysics and thermodynamics as important elements for evaluating biomedical nanosystems, and it correlates their physicochemical, biophysical and thermodynamical behaviour with those of a living organism.