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""Nepal has had a long history of relations with Tibet and China. Since Nepal lies between India in the South and Tibet in the north, and China farther north, its history, culture and politics have naturally been influenced by the course of events in these states. Nepal's relations with Tibet and China can broadly be categorised into cultural, commercial and political.Nepal had also long standing relations with Sikkim and Bhutan, the two Himalayan states to its east,both having intimate political and cultural links with Tibet)"" and, indirectly, with China; the latter claimed influence Ever all the Himalayan states on the north-east frontier of India. Modern Nepal's relations with its two eastern neighbours, in both political and cultural aspects, were shaped in the middle of the 18th century when it came under the Gurkhas.2""

"Pregnancy and childbirth were a time of unique vulnerability to violence victimization because of changes in women’sphysical, social, emotional, and economic needs during pregnancy. This study aims to determine the factors associatedwith gender-based violence among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic (ANC). A cross-sectional study wasconducted among 202 pregnant women attend antenatal ward of primary health care centre (PHC) of Syangja districtduring September 2014 to December 2014 by using semi-structure questionnaire with face to face interviews. SPSSsoftware was used for analysis the data. The prevalence of gender based violence (GBV) among pregnant women wasfound to be 91.1%. The socio-demographic variables such as ethnicity, religious, the age of respondents, the age ofmarriage, occupation, and annual income had no association with the experience of different types of GBV (p > 0.05).However, there was a statistically association between husband education (p=0.03), the age of marriage (p=0.039) andtype of marriage (p=0.013) in case of psychological and economic violence whereas there was no statisticallyassociation between with other types of violence. In conclusion, gender based violence during pregnancy was a majorprevalent public health problem is Syangja district of Nepal. Focus on age of marriage, types of marriage and educationof husband may reduce gender based violence among the pregnant women. Women’s empowerment, economicautonomy, sensitization, awareness and needed of large-scale population-based surveys were the major recommendationof this study Faktor yang Memengaruhi Kekerasan berdasarkan Jenis Kelamin pada Wanita Hamil yang MengunjungiKlinik Antenatal di Pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer Daerah Syangja, Nepal. Kehamilan dan kelahiran anakmerupakan waktu rawan yang khusus untuk penganiayaan kekerasan karena perubahan fisik, sosial, emosi, dankebutuhan ekonomi wanita selama kehamilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan faktor yang berkaitan dengankekerasan berdasarkan jenis kelamin pada wanita hamil yang datang ke klinik ANC. Penelitian cross sectionaldilakukan pada 202 wanita hamil yang mengunjungi bagian antenatal PHC di daerah Syangja selama September 2014hingga Desember 2014 menggunakan kuesioner semi terstruktur dengan wawancara tatap muka. Perangkat lunak SPSSdigunakan untuk menganalisis data. Prevalensi GBV di antara wanita hamil diperoleh sebesar 91,1%. Variabel sosiodemografik seperti suku, agama, usia responden, usia pernikahan, pekerjaan, dan pendapatan per tahun tidak berkaitandengan pengalaman berbagai jenis GBV (p>0,05). Walaupun demikian, ada hubungan secara statistik antara pendidikansuami (p=0,03), usia kehamilan (p=0,039), dan jenis pernikahan (p=0,013) pada kasus kekerasan psikologis danekonomi walaupun tidak ada hubungan secara statistik dengan jenis kekerasan yang lain. Kesimpulannya, kekerasanberdasarkan jenis kelamin selama kehamilan merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang paling utama di daerahSyangja, Nepal. Berdasarkan pada usia pernikahan, jenis pernikahan, dan pendidikan suami dapat mengurangikekerasan berdasarkan jenis kelamin pada wanita hamil. Pemberdayaan wanita, kemandirian ekonomi, sensitisasi,kepedulian dan perlunya survei berdasarkan populasi skala besar merupakan rekomendasi utama penelitian ini."

"This paper investigates caste /ethnicity based inequity in women's health service utilization, particularly focusing on antenatal care (ANC) in the socioculturally complex patriarchal context of Nepal. Numerous studies worldwide have examined the effects of various factors contributing to antenatal care. However, much less is known about the influence of caste/ ethnicity on women's health-care utilization in Nepal. Using the nationally representative Nepal Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) Data 2011, a multilevel logistic regression was run with results suggesting that both non-economic (caste/ethnicity) and economic (household wealth) factors influence women's health-care utilization. First, women who belong to a disadvantaged caste/ethnicity such as the Hill Janajafi, Hill and Terai Dalit and Muslims are significantly less likely to make four plus antenatal care visits compared to the advantaged Bahun/Chhetri mothers. Second, mothers who belong to the wealthier category are significantly advantaged in terms of using antenatal care services compared to the poorest category of mothers. Third, contrary to the common assumption, mothers from the advantaged caste/ethnicity (Bahun/Chhetri and Newar) do not always fare better in all aspects of life; when from the poorest households, they are not significantly different in terms of antenatal care compared the poorest mothers who are from a disadvantaged caste/ethnicity. Tliese findings offer evidence against the misassumption that individuals of advantaged caste/ ethnicities are always privileged, suggesting that health policies should take into account the intertwining effects of both caste/ethnicity and economic status in order to improve women's health and well-being."

"E-government has been referred to as the use of ICTs to transformgovernment by making it more accessible, effective and accountable, the Nepalgovernment has taken some positive initiatives for its development. However,according to the UN evaluation, the current E-government level in Nepal is stillvery poor. This paper raised two research questions: what the major problems ofE-government implementation in Nepal are and which problem(s) should besolved first. For this purpose, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) methodwas used to rank the problems in hierarchical order. This study finds that amongthe various problems of E-government implementation in Nepal, a lack of strongleadership and government will, political-administrative instability, and resistanceto change within organizations were again highlighted as the most severe onesby experts."