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Abstrak :
Pada penelitian ini dilakukan distilasi uap tanaman nilam menggunakan variasi plate kolom fraksionasi. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh kadar patchouli alkohol yang optimum dari tanaman nilam (Pogostemon cablin). Patchouli alkohol merupakan komponen utama dari minyak nilam dengan persentase 35-40%. Minyak nilam dapat diperoleh melalui proses distilasi uap tanaman nilam. Distilasi uap biasa digunakan untuk memisahkan substansi-substansi yang tidak saling campur dengan menurunkan titik didih komponen campuran yang titik didihnya tinggi dengan adanya uap air tersebut. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan kolom fraksionasi dengan variasi plate, yaitu menggunakan kelereng dengan ukuran dan tinggi yang berbeda di dalam kolom. Dengan adanya variasi tersebut diharapkan terjadi pemisahan komponen-komponen minyak yang lebih baik. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan variasi waktu distilasi guna mengetahui dan mendapatkan kadar patchouli alkohol yang optimum. Kemudian, dilakukan identifikasi karakteristik minyak nilam menggunakan GC-MS dan dilanjutkan dengan analisis sifat fisika dan kimianya. Kadar patchouli alkohol paling optimum didapatkan dari variasi plate dengan menggunakan kelereng besar setinggi ¾ kolom yaitu sebesar 41,785 % dan rendemen minyak nilam terbanyak didapatkan dari variasi plate menggunakan kelereng besar setinggi ¼ kolom yaitu 0,914 % selama waktu distilasi 7 jam. ......In this research, steam distillation of patchouli was carried out using a fractionation column with plate variation. The main objective of this study was to obtain an optimal levels of patchouli alcohol from patchouli (Pogostemon cablin). Patchouli alcohol is the major component of patchouli oil with a percentage of 35-40 %. Patchouli oil can be obtained through the steam distillation process of patchouli. Steam distillation is commonly used to reduce the boiling point of a mixture of components with high boiling point. In this study, a fractionation column with a variety of plates was used, by filling the column with marbles of different sizes and heights. With these variations, a better separation of essential oil components should be happened. This study also uses time variations to obtain optimal patchouli alcohol levels. The analysis of patchouli oil was carried out using GC-MS and continued with the analysis of the physical and chemical properties. An optimal content of patchouli alcohol of 41,785% was obtained when big marbles were filled in the ¾ height of the fractional column for 7 hours distillation process. Meanwhile, the optimal yield of patchouli oil of 0,941% was obtained using big marbles of ¼ column height.

Abstrak :
Minyak nilam yang disuling dari Pogostemon cablin Benth. merupakan salah satu minyak atsiri yang mempunyai peran penting sebagai bahan baku pengikat minyak atsiri lain dalam kegiatan industri. Mutu minyak nilam ditentukan oleh sifat fisika-kimia dan faktor yang paling menentukan mutu dan kualitas adalah kadar patchouli alkohol PA . Pada penelitian ini dilakukan peningkatan mutu minyak nilam dengan menggunakan sistem reverse osmosis dibandingkan dengan metode distilasi. Membran yang digunakan pada sistem reverse osmosis adalah membran poliamida. Terdapat variasi tekanan pada sistem reverse osmosis berdasarkan flow rate yang digunakan. Kondisi operasi optimum pada sistem reverse osmosis yaitu pada tekanan 145,6 Psi dengan flow rate 25 mL/menit dengan sistem kontinu. Interaksi yang terjadi antara membran dengan patchouli alkohol yaitu melalui ikatan hidrogen. Pada metode distilasi, variasi terhadap temperatur dan durasi distilasi diaplikasikan pada contoh minyak nilam. Parameter uji mutu minyak nilam pada penelitian ini adalah penentuan warna secara visual, penentuan berat jenis, penentuan indeks bias, dan kadar relatif patchouli alkohol dengan kromatografi gas mass spectrometry. Hasil analisis menunjukan bahwa terjadi peningkatan kadar patchouli alkohol sebesar 47,55 pada permeat dengan menggunakan sistem reverse osmosis bila dibandingkan dengan kadar relatif patchouli alkohol pada contoh minyak nilam awal dan hasil distilasi berturut-turut sebesar 30,12 dan 10,72 .

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Patchouli oil derived from Pogostemon cablin Benth. is one of the essential oil that has an important role as a fixative raw material for other essential oils. Patchouli oil quality is determined by the physico chemical properties of the oil and the most decisive factor quality of patchouli oil is the content of patchouli alcohol PA . In this research, to improve the quality of patchouli oil was conducted by reverse osmosis system compared with distillation method. The membran used in the reverse osmosis system is polyamide membran. Variations in pressure on reverse osmosis system based on the flow rate which is applied to the system. The optimum operating condition on the reverse osmosis system was found at the pressure of 145.6 Psi with a flow rate of 25 mL min under continuous system. The interaction between membran with patchouli alcohol is through the hydrogen bonding. Then, variations in temperature and duration of distillation are applied to the sample of patchouli oil. In this study, the quality of patchouli oil was determined by visual color, specific gravity, refractive index, and the content of patchouli alcohol by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. The analysis results showed that the patchouli alcohol content in the permeate obtained by reverse osmosis system was 47.55 compared to 30.12 and 10.72 which were obtained from the initial of patchouli oil and redistillation process.

Abstrak :
Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan metode distilasi uap dengan penambahan kolom fraksionasi. Komponen utama yang dipisahkan dalam minyak sereh wangi yaitu sitronela, sitronelol, geraniol dan pada minyak nilam yaitu patchouli alkohol. Dalam kolom fraksionasi, terjadi kontak antara cairan dan uap yang lebih lama dibandingkan tanpa menggunakan kolom fraksionasi, sehingga komponen ringan dengan titik didih yang lebih rendah akan lebih mudah diuapkan dan kemudian didinginkan pada kondensor. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari pengaruh dari metode distilasi uap dengan kolom fraksionasi terhadap kualitas dari produk minyak atsiri. Variasi pada tinggi kolom fraksinasi telah dilakukan dalam metode distilasi uap, untuk menemukan waktu dan suhu optimal pada proses distilasi. Penentuan parameter kualitas minyak atsiri yaitu warna minyak, berat jenis, indeks bias, dan kadar relatif sitronela, sitronelol, geraniol, dan patchouli alkohol yang diukur dengan instrumen GC-MS. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, hasil rendemen minyak sereh wangi yang diperoleh sekitar 0,9710 - 0,973 ; indeks bias sebesar 1.460 - 1.472 dan kandungan sitronelol adalah 1,09 - 18,55, sitronelol 5,09 ndash;12,49 , dan geraniol 28,49 - 36,66 . Kondisi optimum proses distilasi uap pada minyak sereh wangi diperoleh pada tinggi kolom fraksionasi adalah 24 cm yang menghasilkan rendemen minyak sereh wangi sebesar 0,9713, kandungan sitronelal sebesar 18,55 . Sementara itu, rendemen hasil distilasi uap minyak nilam adalah 0,6858 - 0,9982 ; indeks bias sebesar 1,498 - 1,504; dan kandunga patchouli alkohol sebesar 20,05 - 22,60. Kondisi optimum minyak nilam pada proses distilasi uap dengan kolom fraksionasi diperoleh pada tinggi kolom fraksionasi 32 cm yang menghasilkan kandungan patchouli alkohol sebesar 22,60. ......In this research, steam distillation method were used with a fractionated column. The separated products of the main components in citronella oil were citronella, citronellol, geraniol and in patchouli oil was patchouli alcohol. In the fractionated column, the contact between liquid and gas is longer compared to without the fractionation column, so the small components with a lower boiling point will be further vaporized and then cooled on the condenser. The aim of this research is to study the effect of steam distillation methods on the quality of the essential oils products. The variation of fractionated columns height had been conducted in the steam distillation, as well as to find the optimum time and temperature for the distillation process. The determination of the quality parameters in these essential oils included oils color, density, refracting index, and the relative amounts of citronella, citronellol, geraniol, and patchouli alcohol which were measured with gas chromatography mass spectrometry instrument. The results showed that the citronella oil yield was around 0.971 ndash 0.973 refracting index 1.460 ndash 1.472 and the content of citronella was 1.09 18.55, citronellol 5.09 ndash 12.49, and geraniol 28.49 ndash 36.66. The optimum height of fractionated column was 24 cm which produced 0.9713 oils the content of citronella was 18,55. Meanwhile, patchouli oil yield was 0.6858-0.9982 refracting index 1.498 ndash 1.504 and the content of patchouli alcohol was 20.05 ndash 22.60. The optimum height of fractionated column was 32 cm which produced 22.60 patchouli alcohol.

Abstrak :
An experiment to investigate the somatic embryogenesis from shoot-derived callus of Pogostemon cablin (nilam plant) has been conducted at the Plant Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Faculty, University of Jambi from January through to July 2004. Callus proliferation was induced on explants taken from young shoots cultured on solid MS medium supplemented with phytohormones NAA (0.8, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 ppm) and BAP (1.1, 1.4, 1.7, and 2.0 ppm) under in vitro conditions. Cultures were maintained at 25  1 oC, light intensity 50 �?�mol m-2 s-1, and 16 hours photoperiod. The results indicated that all cultured explants showed positive responses on callus proliferation on all treatments within two weeks of culture initiation. The effect of phytohormones, however, was unspecific as all callus showed similar properties, from non-embryogenic to embryogenic. The addition of NAA and/or BAP to the culture medium was not significantly affected the number of days to callus proliferation. Callus fresh weight was significantly affected by NAA (P = 0.01) or BAP (P = 0.05), but the interaction of these phytohormones resulted in a non-significant effect on callus fresh weight (P = 0.18). Also, BAP significantly affected callus dry weight (P =0.03). However, neither NAA nor its interaction with BAP significantly affected callus dry weight (P = 0.07 and 0.16, subsequently). Embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus were subcultured separately onto new fresh media with the same composition as for callus induction. Following this subculture, embryogenic callus regenerated somatic embryos within ten days, whereas non-embryogenic callus did not show any symptom of embryogenesis, and lost their proliferative capacity after six weeks of subculture. The regenerated somatic embryos continued to grow to form profuse mass of young plantlets ready for in vivo acclimatization.

Abstrak :
Pratylenchus brachyurus is an important parasitic nematode which significantly decreases quality and quantity of patchouli oil. One potential measure for controlling the nematode is by using endophytic bacteria. These bacteria also induce plant growth. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of endo-phytic bacteria to control P. brachyurus. The experiments were carried out in the Bacteriological Laboratory of the Plant Protection Department, Bogor Agricultural University, and the Laboratory and Greenhouse of the Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute from April to December 2007. Endophytic bacteria were isolated from the roots of patchouli plants sampled from various locations in West Java. Antagonistic activity of the isolates were selected against P. brachyurus and their abilities to induce plant growth of patch-ouli plants. Isolates having ability to control P. brachyurus and promote plant growth were identified by molecular techniques using 16S rRNA universal primers. The results showed that a total of 257 isolates of endophytic bacteria were obtained from patchouli roots and their population density varied from 2.3 x 102 to 6.0 x 105 cfu g-1 fresh root. As many as 60 isolates (23.34%) were antagonistic against P. brachyurus causing 70-100% mortality of the namatode, 72 isolates (28.01%) stimu-lated plant growth, 32 isolates (12.47%) inhibited plant growth, and 93 isolates (36.18%) were neutral. Based on their antago-nistic and plant growth enhancer characters, five isolates of the bacteria, namely Achromobacter xylosoxidans TT2, Alcaligenes faecalis NJ16, Pseudomonas putida EH11, Bacillus cereus MSK, and Bacillus subtilis NJ57 suppressed 74.0-81.6% nema-tode population and increased 46.97-86.79% plant growth. The study implies that the endophytic bacteria isolated from patchouly roots are good candidates for controlling P. brachyurus on patchouly plants.

Abstrak :
Rencana bisnis pengembangan perkebunan tanaman nilam yang diajukan dalam kesempatan ini adalah untuk membangun sebuah usaha yang terintegrasi dalam pengembangan komoditas daun kering nilam, yang merupakan salah satu tanaman asli yang berpotensi dan memiliki manfaat yang besar untuk digunakan di Indonesia. Informasi yang akan tuliskan dimaksudkan untuk menggambarkan potensi dari sumber daya asli Indonesia yang bisa dimanfaatkan secara optimal untuk kepentingan stake holder. Dalam rencana bisnis ini menunjukkan bahwa tanaman nilam (Patchouli) yang banyak tumbuh dan dibudidayakan oleh petani tradisional Indonesia mempunyai potensi yang sangat besar dan dalam spectrum produk yang luas. Informasi yag telah dilakukan oleh PT UB menghasilkan beberapa hasil penting dalam pemanfaatan tanaman nilam, meliputi proses untuk menghasilkan minyak nilam dan Patchouli Alcohol, serta menghasilkan produk yang berupa active ingredients untuk pengusir nyamuk (repellent) dan disinfectant yang sangat kuat, dengan kemungkinan aplikasi produk yang sangat luas. Dan tidak hanya terbatas pada menghasilkan minyak nilam saja yang memerlukan suatu proses dan modal lebih besar untuk investasi pembelian mesin penyulingan, namun dari rencana bisnis ini dapat memberikan suatu informasi juga mengenai pemanfaatan daun kering nilam yang bisa langsung dijual untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pabrik penyulingan minyak nilam. Dan dari hasil penjualan daun kering ini pun sudah cukup menghasilkan suatu keuntungan yang baik bagi para pelaku usaha mengingat besarnya kebutuhan bahan baku minyak nilam yang berupa daun kering selalu kurang untuk disediakan kepada pabrik penyulingan.

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The Business Plan for the development of patchouli oil plantation is proposed to build an integrated business in the Agricultural Development of Patchouli Oil Plantation, which is one of the original plants of Indonesia that has many potentials and benefits that could be used. The information that has been written in the business plan has the purpose to describe the strong potential from the natural resources of Indonesia that can be utilized optimally for the needs of stakeholder. The Business Plan shows that the plantation of Patchouli plants can be developed in a wide velver planted by the Indonesian farmer and has a big potential in wider spectrum of product line. The information that is gathered by PT UB generates some important results in wielding Patchouli plant, including the process of producing Patchouli oil and Patchouli Alcohol, and also producing products as an active ingridients for mosquitos repellent and very strong disinfectant , with the possibilities of a very wide product application. This business plan is not only about producing the Pachouli oil which needs a high investment and cost of capital including the investment to buy machines to produce patchouli oil, but this business plan is also showing the information about the Agricultural Patcouli plantation which will produce dry leaf of patchouli as the raw material for Patchouli oil. The business plan shows other opportunities of the patchouli industry, to sell the patchouli leafs directly to the manufacturer that needs patchouli leafs as their main raw material for patchouli oil. The needs of patchouli leafs from the manufacturer never been enough because the huge number of demands that the manufacturer receives, makes them to get as many as possible the needs of their raw material that is patchouli leafs.