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"Latar Belakang: Karsinoma sel skuamosa mulut (OSCC) merupakan jenis neoplasma ganas rongga mulut yang paling banyak ditemukan. Penyakit ini bersifat multifaktorial namun faktor risiko utama perkembangan kanker adalah kebiasaan gaya hidup, dan keterlibatan bakteri saat ini sedang meningkat untuk dipelajari. Bakteri Veillonella merupakan bagian dari mikrobiota mulut komensal pasien sehat yang berperan sebagai kolonisasi awal dan penghubung. Hal ini berperan dalam perlekatan Streptococcus mutans dan Porphyromonas gingivalis, sebagai salah satu bakteri yang berhubungan dengan kanker mulut. Meski perannya dalam menjembatani penjajah sudah banyak diketahui namun Veillonella masih minim penelitian mengenai keterlibatannya dalam OSCC. Tujuan: Untuk meninjau hubungan prevalensi Veillonella dan perannya terhadap pengembangan OSCC. Metode: Penelitian ini mengikuti pedoman Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Pengumpulan data penelitian disesuaikan dengan beberapa database elektronik: PubMed dan SCOPUS, dengan kata kunci pilihan dan kriteria inklusi terdiri dari jurnal berbahasa Inggris, tersedia full text, dalam jangka waktu 10 tahun dan harus berupa penelitian atau artikel asli. Hasil: Tinjauan terhadap sembilan jurnal mengungkapkan korelasi terbalik antara kelimpahan Veillonella dan perkembangan karsinoma sel skuamosa mulut (OSCC). Veillonella sebagian besar terdapat pada individu yang sehat, menunjukkan peningkatan keberadaannya selama tahap pra-ganas dan berkurang pada OSCC yang semakin lanjut. Kesimpulan: Sebagian besar literatur menyatakan bahwa Veillonella berbanding terbalik dengan perkembangan OSCC. Hal ini menunjukkan potensi peran Veillonella dalam deteksi dini OSCC dan memerlukan penyelidikan lebih lanjut.

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Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of malignant neoplasm of the oral cavity. It is multifactorial but the main risk factors for cancer development is lifestyle habit, and bacterial involvement is currently on the rise to be studied. Veillonella bacteria is a part of commensal oral microbiota of the healthy patient act as the early and bridging colonizer. It plays role in the adhesion of Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, as one of the bacteria that have association with oral cancer. Although their role in bridging colonizer is widely known yet Veillonella still lack of studies about its involvement in OSCC. Aim: To review the relationship of the Veillonella prevalence and its role to OSCC development. Methods: The research is following the guideline of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Data collection of the research is adapted to several electronic databases: PubMed and SCOPUS, with the selected keywords and inclusion criteria which consist of journals using English language, full text available, within 10 years and must be research or original article. Result: A review of nine journals reveals an inverse correlation between Veillonella abundance and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression. Veillonella is predominantly present in healthy individuals, exhibiting increased presence during the pre-malignant stage and diminishing with progressively advanced OSCC. Conclusion: As majority of the literature stated that Veillonella was inversely corresponding with the progression of OSCC. This suggests a potential role for Veillonella in early OSCC detection and warrants further investigation."

"ABSTRAKβ-catenin merupakan protein yang memiliki peran penting dalamadhesi antar sel dan transduksi sinyal. Pada keadaan tanpa stimulasi β-catenin hanyatampak pada membran sel, namun bila terdapat stimulasi maka β-catenin akantampak pada sitoplasma dan inti. Perubahan ekspresi β-catenin diketahuiberhubungan dengan progresivitas dan metastasis pada berbagai penyakit keganasanmanusia. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi ekspresi β-catenin di daerahperitumor pada karsinoma sel skuamosa oral (KSSO) derajat rendah dan tinggiberdasarkan sistem grading Bryne.Bahan dan Metode: Penelitian dilakukan pada 20 kasus KSSO derajat rendah dan20 kasus derajat tinggi. Pewarnaan imunohistokimia β-catenin digunakan untukmenilai perbedaan yang tampak pada membran, sitoplasma, dan inti sel tumor padaarea peritumor.Hasil: Ekspresi β-catenin pada membran, sitoplasma, maupun inti sel tumormemiliki perbedaan yang bermakna antara KSSO derajat rendah dan derajat tinggi(p=0,000; p=0,005; dan p=0,035). Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antaraekspresi β-catenin dengan variabel umur, jenis kelamin, maupun lokasi tumor.Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan ekspresi β-catenin di daerah peritumor antaraKSSO derajat rendah dan derajat tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekspresi β-catenin yang salah menyebabkan perubahan morfologi sel-sel KSSO ke arah yanglebih ganas dan prognosis yang lebih buruk.

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ABSTRACTβ-catenin is an important protein in cellular adhesion and signaltransduction. In unstimulated condition, β-catenin only appears on the cellularmembrane. Altered expression of β-catenin has been associated with progressivenessand metastatic process of malignancy in human. The aim of this study was toevaluate the expression of β-catenin on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) andalso to assess its different expression in low grade and high grade lesions based onBryne grading system.Materials and methods: This study was conducted on 2 groups of OSCC whichincluded 20 cases of low grade and 20 cases of high grade. Immunohistochemistrystaining of β-catenin was used to identify the difference of its expression in cellmembrane, cytoplasm, and nuclei on invasive tumor front.Results: The expression of β-catenin on cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleishowed significant difference between low and high grade OSCC (p=0.000;p=0.005; and p=0.035, respectively). There has not been any significant associationbetween β-catenin expression with age, sex, and tumor location.Conclusion: Oral squamous cell carcinoma, both low and high grade, showedsignificant differences in β-catenin expression in cell membrane, cytoplasm, andnuclei. Thus, it showed that the altered expression of β-catenin could change theOSCC to become more aggresive and have a poorer prognosis."

"Latar Belakang: Karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut (KSSRM) adalah salah satu kanker yang sering ditemui di Indonesia, dengan faktor risiko meliputi merokok, konsumsi alkohol, infeksi virus, faktor konsumsi, lokasi tumor, jenis kelamin, dan usia. Pemeriksaan histopatologis dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin dan eosin (H&E) merupakan metode utama untuk diagnosis definitif KSSRM. Akurasi diagnosis dan penilaian derajat diferensiasi tumor sangat penting dalam menentukan diagnosis dan pilihan penatalaksanaan. Selain derajat diferensiasi, analisis lebih lanjut terhadap pola invasi dan adanya invasi limfatik, vena, serta saraf diperlukan untuk memperoleh penilaian yang lebih objektif. Pola invasi, invasi limfatik, invasi vena, dan invasi saraf memberikan informasi lebih mendalam mengenai agresivitas dan potensi penyebaran tumor, sehingga analisis invasi ini lebih penting dibandingkan hanya menilai derajat diferensiasi tumor seperti pada prosedur standar. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif analitik menggunakan sampel jaringan KSSRM yang diberi pewarnaan H&E dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil: Mayoritas kasus KSSRM ditemukan di lidah (61,5%), dengan pasien perempuan (56,4%) dan kelompok usia >55 tahun (53,8%). Pola invasi agresif (pulau satelit, invasi limfatik signifikan (++), invasi vena signifikan (++), dan invasi saraf signifikan (++) memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan derajat diferensiasi buruk (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara lokasi tumor, jenis kelamin, dan usia dengan derajat diferensiasi KSSRM. Ditemukan hubungan antara pola invasi, invasi limfatik, invasi vena, dan invasi saraf dengan derajat diferensiasi pada pasien KSSRM. Semakin agresif pola invasi, maka semakin buruk derajat diferensiasi KSSRM. Semkain buruk derajat diferensiasi, maka semakin tinggi tingkat invasi limfatik, vena, dan saraf KSSRM.

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Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent type of cancer in Indonesia, with risk factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, viral infections, dietary factors, tumor location, gender, and age. Histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is the primary method for the definitive diagnosis of OSCC. Accurate diagnosis and tumor differentiation assessment are crucial in determining diagnosis and treatment options. In addition to the degree of differentiation, further analysis of invasion patterns, as well as lymphatic, venous, and neural invasion, is essential for a more objective evaluation. These invasion factors provide deeper insight into the aggressiveness and potential spread of the tumor, making their analysis more critical than solely evaluating tumor differentiation as in standard procedures. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between invasion patterns, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and nerve invasion with the degree of differentiation in OSCC patients at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study utilized OSCC tissue samples stained with H&E and observed under light microscopy. Results: The majority of OSCC cases were found in the tongue (61.5%), with female patients (56.4%) and the age group over 55 years (53.8%). Aggressive invasion patterns (satellite islands, significant lymphatic invasion (++), significant venous invasion (++), and significant neural invasion (++) were significantly associated with poor differentiation (p<0.05). Conclusion: No significant relationship was found between tumor location, gender, and age with OSCC differentiation grade. A relationship was found between invasion patterns, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and neural invasion with differentiation grade in OSCC patients. The more aggressive the invasion pattern, the worse the differentiation grade of OSCC. The worse the differentiation grade, the higher the level of lymphatic, venous, and neural invasion in OSCC.

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"Latar Belakang: Karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut (KSSRM) adalah salah satu kanker yang sering ditemui di Indonesia, dengan faktor risiko meliputi merokok, konsumsi alkohol, infeksi virus, faktor konsumsi, lokasi tumor, jenis kelamin, dan usia. Pemeriksaan histopatologis dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin dan eosin (H&E) merupakan metode utama untuk diagnosis definitif KSSRM. Akurasi diagnosis dan penilaian derajat diferensiasi tumor sangat penting dalam menentukan diagnosis dan pilihan penatalaksanaan. Selain derajat diferensiasi, analisis lebih lanjut terhadap pola invasi dan adanya invasi limfatik, vena, serta saraf diperlukan untuk memperoleh penilaian yang lebih objektif. Pola invasi, invasi limfatik, invasi vena, dan invasi saraf memberikan informasi lebih mendalam mengenai agresivitas dan potensi penyebaran tumor, sehingga analisis invasi ini lebih penting dibandingkan hanya menilai derajat diferensiasi tumor seperti pada prosedur standar. Metode: Penelitian deskriptif analitik menggunakan sampel jaringan KSSRM yang diberi pewarnaan H&E dan diamati menggunakan mikroskop cahaya. Hasil: Mayoritas kasus KSSRM ditemukan di lidah (61,5%), dengan pasien perempuan (56,4%) dan kelompok usia >55 tahun (53,8%). Pola invasi agresif (pulau satelit, invasi limfatik signifikan (++), invasi vena signifikan (++), dan invasi saraf signifikan (++) memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan derajat diferensiasi buruk (p<0,05). Kesimpulan: Tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara lokasi tumor, jenis kelamin, dan usia dengan derajat diferensiasi KSSRM. Ditemukan hubungan antara pola invasi, invasi limfatik, invasi vena, dan invasi saraf dengan derajat diferensiasi pada pasien KSSRM. Semakin agresif pola invasi, maka semakin buruk derajat diferensiasi KSSRM. Semkain buruk derajat diferensiasi, maka semakin tinggi tingkat invasi limfatik, vena, dan saraf KSSRM.

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Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent type of cancer in Indonesia, with risk factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, viral infections, dietary factors, tumor location, gender, and age. Histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining is the primary method for the definitive diagnosis of OSCC. Accurate diagnosis and tumor differentiation assessment are crucial in determining diagnosis and treatment options. In addition to the degree of differentiation, further analysis of invasion patterns, as well as lymphatic, venous, and neural invasion, is essential for a more objective evaluation. These invasion factors provide deeper insight into the aggressiveness and potential spread of the tumor, making their analysis more critical than solely evaluating tumor differentiation as in standard procedures. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between invasion patterns, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and nerve invasion with the degree of differentiation in OSCC patients at RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo. Methods: This descriptive-analytical study utilized OSCC tissue samples stained with H&E and observed under light microscopy. Results: The majority of OSCC cases were found in the tongue (61.5%), with female patients (56.4%) and the age group over 55 years (53.8%). Aggressive invasion patterns (satellite islands, significant lymphatic invasion (++), significant venous invasion (++), and significant neural invasion (++) were significantly associated with poor differentiation (p<0.05). Conclusion: No significant relationship was found between tumor location, gender, and age with OSCC differentiation grade. A relationship was found between invasion patterns, lymphatic invasion, venous invasion, and neural invasion with differentiation grade in OSCC patients. The more aggressive the invasion pattern, the worse the differentiation grade of OSCC. The worse the differentiation grade, the higher the level of lymphatic, venous, and neural invasion in OSCC.

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