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"Kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu produk yang penting bagi perekonomian Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa performan ekspor Indonesia untuk CPO, Produk-Produk Turunan dari CPO, dan Crude Palm Kernel Oil ke China dan untuk mencari pengaruh dari variable-variable independen seperti: real exchange rate, harga komoditi ekspor di pasar dunia, penetapan tarif export yang diberlakukan untuk komoditi ekspor, dan kebijakan penetapan tarif impor yang diterapkan oleh negara tujuan ekspor sebagai variabel dummy.Kami menguji penelitian ini dengan menggunakan regresi data panel. Interval waktu yang kami gunakan yaitu mulai tahun 2002 sampai 2008 dengan data quarter. Sebagai hasilnya kami mendapatkan hasil bahwa eksportir CPO dan CPKO terbesar di dunia adalah Indonesia. Sedangkan di pasar China, Indonesia menempati urutan ke dua setelah Malaysia sebagai eksportir CPO dan produkproduk turunannya. Namun demikian ekspor Indonesia untuk CPKO ke China bahkan ke pasar dunia menempati nomor satu. Untuk itu Indonesia akan untung jika melakukan spesialisasi ekspor CPKO ke China maupun ke pasar internasional.Sebagai hasil pengujian data panel dengan ekonometri didapatkan bahwa variable real exchange rate mempengaruhi ekspor Indonesia secara signifikan. Variable tarif juga memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap jumlah ekspor Indonesia ke China. Sedangkan harga komoditi di pasar dunia juga memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap jumlah ekspor Indonesia ke China. Tetapi berhubungan positif, hal ini disebabkan karena komoditi ini digunakan untuk spekulasi bisnis. Sehingga fluktuasi harganya mengikuti pergerakan harga minyak mentah di pasar dunia. Variabel CEPT5 juga berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap ekspor Indonesia ke China.

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Palm oil commodity is the one product that is important to the Indonesia's economy. The aim of this research are to analyze export performance of Indonesian exports of crude palm oil (CPO), its derivative products and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) to China and to find out the effects of such as: real exchange rate, prices of commodities in the world market, Indonesian export duty of commodities, and dummy CEPT5 toward Indonesian export volume of those commodities to China.We examine this research using panel data regression. The data periods for this research were quoted from 2002 to 2008 quarterly. As a result of this research we obtain the biggest exporter of crude palm oil and crude palm kernel oil in the world is Indonesia while Malaysia possesses more comparative advantage than Indonesian in regards of the export of other palm oil products. However, in China`s market, Indonesian market share of CPO and its derivative products is lower than Malaysia. Nevertheless, in China, Indonesia has export volume of CPKO larger than Malaysia. Consequently Indonesia will benefit to do specialization CPKO export to the world especially to China.In addition, the result of econometric regression shows that real exchange rate variable significantly influence to Indonesian exports of those commodities. Also, tariff export variable give significant influence on those Indonesian exports of those commodities. Meanwhile the relation between price variable and export demand is significant but the expected sign for this variable is not appropriate with the hypotheses. We expect the price sign is negative but the result of estimation we obtain positive price sign. We state that in the world market price of CPO is used for business speculation. Finally, dummy-CEPT5 is affectively influence to Indonesian exports of those commodities."

"Palm Kernel Meal is solid waste from Palm Oil extraction (Ng, 2003). Akubuo & Eje (2002) reported that mechanical extraction produced Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) dan Palm Kernel Meal (PKM). Perez (1997) mentioned that Palm Kernel Meal contains rich arginin, leusin, and sistein matters. Hem et al., (2008), utilizing Palm Kernel Meal pass through bioconversion process for developing larvae Hermetia illucens L. as alternative natural feedstuff in aquaculture industry. Macromolecule composition of Palm Kernel Meal like cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin can be degrade to be simply compound and can be used by another organism like larvae Hermetia illucens L. in bioconversion process. Bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal for feedstuff nutrition consist with microorganism assistance. Suharyanto et al., (2006) define bioconversion as a certain biological process which involving microorganism or enzyme that can change organic matters. Slime molds have great play role in process reduction macromolecule composition of Palm Kernel Meal. Molds have enzyme which can reduce cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin become more simple compound. Study about fermentation fungi already been done through isolation, identification, and fungi screening. However, only a few study about fungi related consist in process bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal reported in Indonesia. This study consist of two part. First part describes the isolation, identification, and growth screening fungi from bioconversion Palm Kernel Meal. Second part of this study describes the fermentation Palm Kernel Meal by selected indigenous fungi. The selected indigenous fungi obtained from result of the first part. The fermentation result included ash matters, crude fiber, crude protein and dry matters experiment. The study was carried out at the Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) Laboratory, Depok and the Laboratory of Microbiology, Departement of Biology, UI, Depok during April?Oktober 2009. The isolation of fungi was conducted with spread methods on Potato Dectrose Agar (PDA). Identification of the isolates was carried out on Potato Dectrose Agar (PDA), Czapeck Dox Agar (CDA), and Malt Extract Agar (MEA) based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological observation of the colonies. The Mimura agar (MA) was used for growth fungi screening. The isolation resulted in 15 representative isolates consisting of 4 group of fungi (Aspergillus, Mucor, Penicillium, and Geotrichum). Based on 7 days periods of fermentation processing, Mucor groups had the highest frequency distribution and Geotrichum had the highest quantity. After the growth fungi screening, 4 isolates (P3, P4, P10, P15) was selected for futher study in part II. Microscopic identification showed P3 (Penicillium chrysogenum), P4 (Mucor racemosus), P10 (Aspergillus flavus), and P15 (Geotrichum candidum). Mucor racemosus was the most wide diameter colony on Mimura agar?MA (9 cm) comparing to other isolates. These selected fungi was used for fermentation of Palm Kernel Meal as inoculant. After process bioconversion which fermented was done, proximate analysis were carried out to examine crude protein, crude fiber, ash matters, and dry matters. Ng (2003) methods was used for this Palm Kernel Meal fermentation and Hart & Fisher (1971) was used for proximate analysis. The results after 7 days fermentation showed that the increased nutrition of crude protein composition of Palm Kernel Meal fermented by fungus Aspergillus flavus (1,33%), Geotrichum candidum (5,90%), Mucor racemosus (0,29%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (12,09%). The increased crude fiber contains fermented by Aspergillus flavus (3,03%), Geotrichum candidum (1,93%), Mucor racemosus (4,32%), and Penicillium chrysogenum (14,11%). Chemical cellulose structure and fungi species influence the difference percentage of crude protein and crude fiber. Chemical cellulose structure which amorf shape was more easy to degrade better than crystal shape. Fungi species have difference complexity enzymes (cellulose, hemicellulose, ligninase) and optimum growth level. High oil that can blocked the optimum growth of fungi and raising temperature matter that have involved in aeration and water activity alteration were another influence factor that have made difference percentage of crude protein and crude fiber."

"Minyak kelapa sawit dan turunannya saat ini tidak banyak dimanfaatkan dalam bidang farmasi terutama sebagai sistem pembawa obat. Palm stearin dan palm kernel merupakan turunan minyak kelapa sawit mengandung lipid yang dapat digunakan dalam formulasi berbasis lipid, salah satunya nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan komposisi palm stearin-palm kernel yang optimum untuk menghasilkan NLC dengan karakteristik yang sesuai dan memiliki kemampuan penetrasi subkutan yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan formulasi tanpa NLC. Optimasi pembuatan NLC mengandung linestrenol dilakukan dengan variasi komposisi palm stearin-palm kernel dengan perbandingan 4:6 (F1), 6:4 (F2), dan 5:5 (F3) kemudian NLC linestrenol yang diperoleh diformulasikan dalam gel dan dievaluasi. Karakterisasi dan evaluasi terhadap NLC linestrenol meliputi ukuran partikel, indeks polidispersitas, zeta potensial, efisiensi penjerapan, dan uji penetrasi in vitro. Formula terbaik dihasilkan oleh formula F2 dengan perbandingan palm stearin-palm kernel (6:4) yang menghasilkan ukuran partikel 129,20 ± 2,851 nm; zeta potensial -31,80 ± 2,36 mV; indeks polidispersitas 0,25 ± 0,075; bentuk sferis, efisiensi penjerapan 84,742 ± 0,264 % serta memiliki stabilitas yang baik dalam gel. Pada uji penetrasi in vitro, gel  NLC linestrenol formula 2 (FGN2) menghasilkan pelepasan obat yang terkontrol dengan jumlah kumulatif linestrenol terpenetrasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan formula gel tanpa NLC (FG) yaitu 74236,77 ng/cm2 untuk FGN2 dan 49591,93 ng/cm2 untuk FG. Nilai fluks untuk FGN2 dan FG masing-masing adalah 4008,6 ng.cm-2.jam-1 dan 3940 ng.cm-2.jam-1. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, dapat disimpulkan bahwa komposisi palm stearin-palm kernel (6:4) menghasilkan NLC dengan kemampuan penetrasi yang lebih baik dan pelepasan obat yang lebih terkontrol dibandingkan dengan formula gel non NLC.......Palm oil and its derivatives are currently not widely used in the pharmaceutical field particularly for drug delivery systems. Palm stearin and palm kernel oil were derivatives of the palm oil that contained lipid that can be used in lipid-based formulations such as nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC). The main purpose of this study was to develop an optimized ratio of palm stearin and palm kernel oil to obtained NLC with desirable characteristics and better subcutaneous penetration compared with formulation without NLC. NLC containing lynestrenol was optimized with the variation of palm stearin-palm kernel 4:6 (F1), 6:4 (F2), and 5:5 (F3) then NLC obtained were formulated into a gel dosage form. Formulations of NLC lynestrenol were evaluated on its particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro penetration test. The best result obtained from formula F2 with ratio palm stearin-palm kernel (6:4) that produced particle size 129.20 ± 2.851 nm; zeta potential -31.80 ± 2.36 mV; polydispersity index 0.25 ± 0.075; spherical shape, entrapment efficiency 84.742 ± 0.264 % and physically stable. According to in vitro penetration test, NLC lynestrenol F2 (FGN2) showed controlled drug release with cumulative penetration of lynestrenol from FGN2 higher compared with lynestrenol gel without NLC (FG), which value of FGN2 was 74236.77 ng/cm2 and FG were 49591.93 ng/cm2. Flux for FGN2 and FG were 4008.6 ng.cm-2.hour-1 and 3940 ng.cm-2.hour-1, respectively. It can be concluded that the ratio of palm stearin:palm kernel (6:4) obtained NLC that had better subcutaneous penetration compared with formulation without NLC. "

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Pembuatan detergen nanofluida biodegradable dari Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) telah dilakukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah membuktikan bahwa PKO dapat dikonversi menjadi Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) dan dijadikan sebagai bahan baku detergen nanofluida yang bersifat biodegradable. PKO merupakan bahan baku utama dalam produk makanan salah satunya creamer. Limbah Industri creamer mengandung PKO sebesar 40% sehingga pada penelitian ini PKO digunakan sebagai model lemak limbah industri creamer. Pertama-tama PKO diesterifikasi dengan katalis asam untuk menurunkan %FFA (Free Fatty Acid). Proses esterifikasi dapat mengubah %FFA dari 4,13% menjadi 0,54% dan menghasilkan produk berupa metil ester dan trigliserida. Selanjutnya produk esterifikasi ditransesterifikasi dengan katalis basa. Pada proses transesterifikasi, asam lemak PKO berhasil terkonversi menjadi metil ester sebesar 99,52%. Metil ester kemudian disulfonasi dengan variasi rasio mol metil ester:NaHSO₃ sebesar 1:2-1:4 dengan variasi optimum yaitu pada rasio 1:4 dilihat dari nilai tegangan permukaannya sebesar 37,2 dyne/cm². Selanjutnya dilakukan tahap sintesis detergen dengan variasi komposisi MES 1,0%; 1,3%; 1,4%; 1,5%; 2,0%; 3,0% dengan konsentrasi TiO₂ tetap yaitu sebesar 0,1%. Tahap sintesis detergen dilanjutkan dengan pengujian detergen yang terdiri dari uji kestabilan, uji pengangkatan dan degradasi kotoran serta uji biodegradable. Hasil uji menunjukkan bahwa komposisi MES 3,0% pada detergen menunjukkan hasil yang optimum. Kestabilan detergen, kemampuan pengangkatan kotoran, degradasi kotoran masing-masing mencapai 99,8%; 71,02% dan 90,61%. Selanjutnya dilakukan analisis biodegradable yang menunjukkan bahwa MES dan detergen nanofluida berperan sebagai substrat (sumber nutrisi bakteri) dengan pertumbuhan bakteri selama 10 hari masing-masing  mencapai 27,58% dan 57,9%.

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Synthesis of biodegradable nanofluid detergent from Palm Kernel Oil (PKO) is done. The purpose of this study is to prove that PKO can be converted to Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) and used as a biodegradable nanofluid detergent raw material. PKO is the main raw material in food products, one of them is creamer. Solid waste creamer contains 40% fat so in this research PKO is used as a fat model for creamer industrial waste. First of all PKO is esterified with an acid catalyst to reduce %FFA (Free Fatty Acid). The esterification process can change the %FFA from 4.13% to 0.545% and produce a product in the form of methyl esters and triglycerides. Then the esterification product is transesterified with a base catalyst. During the transesterification process, PKO fatty acids were successfully converted to methyl ester by 99,52%. The methyl ester is then sulfonated with a variation of the mole ratio of methyl ester:NaHSO3 of 1:2-1:4 with optimum variation at a ratio of 1:4 seen from the value of surface tension of 37.2 dyne/cm². The detergent synthesis stage is then carried out with variations in the composition of MES 1.0%; 1.3%; 1.4%; 1.5%; 2.0%; 3.0% with fixed TiO₂ concentration of 0.1%. Detergent synthesis phase is continued with detergent testing which consists of stability test, stain removal and degradation test, and biodegradable test. The test results showed that the 3.0% MES composition in the detergent showed optimum results. The stability of the detergent, the ability to remove stain, the degradation ability is 99.80%; 71.02% and 90.61% respectively. Then a biodegradable analysis was carried out which showed that MES and detergent nanofluid acted as a substrate (bacterial nutrient source) with bacterial growth for 10 days reached 27.58% and 57.9% respectively.

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"Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) merupakan solven yang dapat dijadikan sebagai pelarut ekstraksi untuk deasidifikasi asam lemak bebas dari minyak inti sawit. Pelarut tersebut memiliki toksisitas rendah dan tidak mereduksi kandungan senyawa anti-oksidan di PKO/CPKO. Penelitian ekstraksi asam lemak bebas menggunakan DES berbasis kolin klorida dan polialkohol telah dibuktikan untuk mengekstraksi asam palmitat pada minyak sawit. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggunakan DES berbasis kolin klorida dengan HBD 1,2-hexandiol dengan berbagai rasio molar terhadap kolin klorida untuk meninjau kelarutannya terhadap asam laurat pada PKO. Selain itu, melakukan ekstraksi asam laurat pada PKO untuk mendapatkan jumlah tahapan ekstraksi untuk mencapai mutu PKO asam lemak bebas dibawah 0.3%. Kemudian, perbedaan kelarutan asam lemak bebas yang berbeda pada minyak dalam DES pun ditinjau. Hasil penapisan menunjukan DES terbaik dengan HBA kolin klorida dan HBD 1,2 heksandiol dengan rasio molar 1:8 yang dapat memisahkan asam lemak bebas dari model minyak inti sawit dengan efisiensi ekstraksi maksimum 61.0%. Selain itu, dibutuhkan 4 jumlah tahapan ekstraksi agar kandungan asam lemak bebas pada model minyak inti sawit di bawah 0.3% mutu SNI 2012. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan perbedaan efisiensi DES dalam mengekstraksi asam lemak bebas yang berbeda dalam minyak inti sawit, dimana bertambahnya 2 jumlah atom karbon pada asam dapat menyebabkan penurunan yield ekstraksi DES sebesar 11%.......Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) is a solvent that can be used for the extraction of free fatty acids from palm kernel oil. This solvent has low toxicity and does not reduce the content of antioxidant compounds in PKO/CPKO. Research on the extraction of free fatty acids using DES based on choline chloride and polyalcohol has been proven effective in extracting palmitic acid from palm oil. The objective of this study is to use choline chloride-based DES with 1,2-hexanediol as the hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at various molar ratios to examine its solubility towards lauric acid in PKO. Additionally, the extraction of lauric acid from PKO is performed to determine the number of extraction stages required to achieve a free fatty acid content in PKO below 0.3%. Furthermore, the interaction between DES and different fatty acid contents in the oil is investigated. The screening results identified the best DES with choline chloride as the hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) and 1,2-hexanediol as the HBD, at a molar ratio of 1:8, which effectively separated free fatty acids from a palm kernel oil model with a maximum extraction efficiency of 61.0%. Moreover, it was found that four extraction stages were required to reduce the free fatty acid content in the palm kernel oil model below the 0.3% threshold specified by the SNI 2012 quality standard. Different interactions of DES in extracting different free fatty acids from palm kernel oil were observed, where an increase of two carbon atoms in the fatty acid led to an 11% decrease in the extraction yield of DES."