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Abstrak :
Gerakan reformasi pada pertengahan tahun 1998 telah membawa dampak dan perubahan yang sangat krusial dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia, menyusul adanya penyesuaian struktur-struktur berbangsa dan bernegara seiring dengan perkembangan jaman dan tuntutan-tuntutan yang berkembang dalam masyarakat. Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, ketika pertama kali didirikan pada tahun 1945, struktur parlemen Indonesia diidealkan berkamar tunggal (unikameral) dan dianggap sebagai penjelmaan seluruh rakyat dan pemegang kedaulatan tertinggi sebagaimana tertuang dalam Pasal 1 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 yang menyatakan"Kedaulatan adalah di tangan rakyat dan dilakukan sepenuhnya oleh Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat.Seiring dengan adanya perubahan Undang-undang Dasar 1945, yaitu mengenai Pasal 1 (2) UUD Negara Republik Indonesia 1945 yang menyatakan bahwa "Kedaulatan berada ditangan rakyat dan dilaksanakan menurut Undang-undang Dasar telah membawa konsekuensi perubahan kedudukan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat tidak lagi sebagai lembaga tertinggi negara melainkan sebagai lembaga negara seperti biasa.Perubahan kedudukan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat tersebut juga diikuti dengan perubahan komposisi keanggotaan Majelis permusyawaratan Rakyat yang terdiri dari DPR dan DPD yang keduanya dipilih melalui Pemilihan Umum, lahirnya Dewan Perwakilan Daerah tersebut merupakan format baru parlemen Indonesia sehingga terjadi perubahan struktur keparlemenan di Indonesia. Disamping itu perubahan kedudukan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat tersebut juga berakibat pada perubahan Tugas dan wewenang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, dimana MPR tidak lagi memilih Presiden dan Wakil Presiden karena telah dipilih secara langsung .oleh rakyat. Tugas dan wewenang Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat yang hanya bersifat insidentil tersebut akhirnya memunculkan perdebatan mengenai eksistensi kelembagaan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat apakah akan terus dipertahankan atau ditiadakan dalam sistem ketatanegaraan Indonesia atau ditiadakan. Untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dan metode penelitian hukum empiris secara bersamaan.

Abstrak :
Tesis ini menganalisa penerapan CEDAW sebagai salah satu landasan hukum Uni Eropa dalam representasi politik perempuan sebagai anggota Parlemen Eropa.Jumlah anggota perempuan yang diwakili dari masing ndash; masing negara anggota UE belum menunjukkan jumlah yang seimbang dengan jumlah anggota laki-laki.Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi kasus dan data yang diperoleh melalui literature review dengan beberapa pihak yang terkait dengan penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa latar belakang kepentingan masing-masing negara UE berbeda sehingga jumlah representatif dari masing-masing negara berbeda. ...... This thesis analyses the implementation of CEDAW as one of the regulations in women political representation as members in European Parliament. The amount of the women from each European country has shown that the man and women in the European Parliament have not balanced. This research was conducted using a case study method and the data was collected through literature review related to the matters. The result of the research has shown that there are different interests so that the amount of the representatives are different.

Abstrak :
Notes: The authors look beyond party cohesion and discipline in parliamentary democracies to take a broader view, assuming a diversity of preferences among party members and then exploring the incentives that give rise to coordinated party behaviour at the electoral, legislative and executive levels. The chapters in this book share a common analytical framework, confronting theoretical models of government formation with empirical data, some drawn from cross-national analyses and others from theoretically structured case studies. A distinctive feature of the book is that it explores the impact of intra-party politics at different levels of government: national, local and EU. This offers the opportunity to investigate existing theories of coalition formation in new political settings. Finally, the book offers a range of innovative methods for investigating intra-party politics which, for example, creates a need to estimate the policy positions of individual politicians inside political parties.

Abstrak :
The era of political reform in Indonesia that occurred since the year of 1998 is marked by the collapse of an authoritarian regime under President Suharto's. The reformation has resulted in many changes in the political field. These changes have provided an infrastructure to raise the level of civil society participation in political life. Other change is parliamentary system. Amended constitution stipulated that the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) consisting of member of the House of Representatives (DPR) and Regional Representatives Council (DPD). These changes imply that Indonesia is adopting a bicameral system (bicameralism) or a parliament with two assemblies. This fact has resulted in various changes in the political order in Indonesia either procedural or substantive. The effectiveness of parliamentary system is strongly influenced by the quality and competence of its members. The area of credibility and competency of its members is the main domain of the affiliated political parties. For this reason, the selecting process for cadres to serve as legislative candidates and programs that will be implemented is of paramount important. Base on the constitution and various statutory provisions that govern them, the parliament members are nominated by political parties. The political parties can also initiate a replacement of the member of parliament. Therefore in order to build the effective role of the parliament the function of political parties is crucial. Political parties should prepare their cadres systematically. Political parties should recruit the best available people in the country to serve in the parliament. The future cadres of political parties must be professional, understand the party vision, and having sufficient statecraft ship.