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"Berada dalam lingkungan perawatan yang terang benderang, suara yang berisik, suhu yang dingin dan berbagai aktivitas memiliki dampak terhadap istirahat bayi. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh penggunaan penutup telinga earmuffs dan earplugs terhadap respon fisiologis dan perilaku bayi prematur. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain crossover pada 15 orang responden bayi prematur stabil yang dirawat dalam inkubator tertutup secara consecutive sampling. Observasi respon fisiologis dan perilaku menggunakan ABSS diamati 30 detik setiap 15 menit selama 2 jam pemasangan alat penutup telinga. Hasil repeated anova menyatakan bahwa rerata frekuensi nadi bayi prematur menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan yang bermakna antara sebelum, selama, dan setelah pemasangan penutup telinga baik menggunakan earmuffs maupun menggunakan earplugs. Rerata saturasi oksigen menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna antara selama dengan setelah pemasangan earplugs. Rerata perilaku bayi menggunakan ABSS memiliki fase tidur dari rentang skor tidur tenang dan tidur gelisah dengan rerata tingkat kebisingan 56,31 dB. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan penggunaan earplugs pada bayi prematur lebih muda, penggunaan pelindung telinga mampu membantu dan mendukung bayi prematur dalam mempertahankan kondisi tidur terjaganya.

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Being in a brightly lit environment, loud noise, cold temperatures and activities have an impact on infant sleep. The aim of the study was to identify the effect of using earplugs on earmuffs and earplugs on the physiological and behavioral responses of premature infants. This is a crossover study design with 15 clinically stable preterm infants cared in closed incubator was conducted by using consecutive sampling technique. The preterm infants rsquo physiologic responses and Anderson Behavioral State Scoring System ABSS scores were assessed over 30 s every 15 minute during 2 h using earmuffs and earplugs. The results of repeated anova analysis revealed no significant differences of pulse frequency preterm infant before, during, and after using earmuffs or earplugs. Statistically significant difference means of oxygen saturation was note between during and after using earplugs. The means of ABSS scores was report preterm infants were more frequently observed in a quiet sleep in average of 56,31 dB noise level. This study recommends using earplugs for preterm baby appropriate chronological age. We suggest that noise reduction in preterm infants with earmuffs or earplugs is helpful by improving sleep efficiency and increasing time of quiet sleep. "

"The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of the driver when he or she enters the vehicle cabin for the first time after the vehicle was in a parking lot. Eight healthy male students underwent tests in vehicle cabins that had been parked for two hours without any shade. Immediately after they entered the cabin, they ran one of the test conditions: (1) all windows in the cabin were fully lowered and the air conditioning (AC) system was off (CON); (2) all windows were closed and the AC was set at the first speed level (AC 1); or (3) all windows were closed and the AC was set at the second speed level (AC 2). The attempt to decrease the air temperature in the cabin by opening all the windows did not provide a significant impact on the participants’ physiological responses. Decreasing the air temperature by turning the vehicle air conditioning on lowered mean skin temperature and heart rate, but not core body temperature. However, using the first or second speed of the AC did not make any significant difference in the physiological responses of the volunteers."

"Anthropogenic changes to the marine environment are causing some considerable concern and yet there is very little information on the overall effects of either single or multiple human influences on species, populations, or, indeed, communities. The indication is that anthropogenic stressors have significantly altered the composition and diversity of marine communities at almost every trophic level, which can have profound effects on surviving species and ecosystems, especially when major processes are supported by a limited number of species. Studies investigating the effects of multiple stressors, however, are challenging as ecological changes are underpinned by physiological adjustments and differences in tolerance levels which are highly variable among and within species and populations. To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of multiple stressors, this volume summarizes current understanding of the physiological and ecological responses of marine species to a wide range of potential stressors (salinity, hypoxia, ocean acidification, temperature, chemical pollution, nitrogen deposition, ultraviolet radiation, and noise), before it considers what is currently known about effects of multiple co-occurring stressors in the marine environment. Expertise, ranging from emerging early career researchers to leaders in the field, have been brought together to outline the responses shown by different marine species and habitats at different levels of biological and ecological organization, as well as to provide perspectives on potential future outcomes for some of the most pressing environmental issues facing society today."