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"Gas alam yang memiliki kandungan H2S tinggi dapat menyebabkan masalah lingkungan karena gas H2S merupakan gas berbahaya. Oleh karena itu, penghilangan gas H2S sangat dibutuhkan. Oleh karena itu, dibuatlah rancangan beserta estimasi biaya dari Sulfur Recovery Unit. Rancangan SRU disimulasikan menggunakan software PROMAX serta estimasi biaya mencakup Capital Expenditure dan Operating Expenditure. Produksi sulfur dengan membakar H2S didalam tungku dan juga secara katalitik. Sulfur kemudian dikondensasi untuk mendapatkan sulfur cair. SRU ini memproduksi sulfur sebesar 54,55 ton/hari dan listrik netto sebesar 320 kW dengan nilai Capital Expenditure sebesar USD 11,92 juta serta Operating Expenditure sebesar USD 2,05 juta.

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Natural gas which has large H2S amount can cause many environmental issue because H2S is a harmful toxic gas. Therefore, it is required to reduce H2S amount and it is important to design the Sulfur Recovery Unit and calculate its cost estimation. The SRU design simulated with PROMAX software and the cost estimations are included Capital Expenditure and Operating Expenditure. Sulfur produced by burning H2S in furnace and by catalytic process. Furthermore, sulfur condensed to produce liquid sulfur. This SRU produce sulfur and sellable electricity about 54.55 ton/day and 320 kW respectively. The estimation of Capital Expenditure and Operating Expenditure were about USD 11.92 millions and USD 2.05 millions."

"Indonesia memiliki cadangan gas alam masih cukup tinggi. Namun kualitas gas alam yang diproduksi saat ini masih kurang baik karena pengaruh kandungan gas non-hidrokarbon yang menjadi gas polutan yang terkandung dalam gas alam, seperti H2S, SO2, SO3, RSH dan lain-lain. Tingginya kandungan gas sulfur tersebut dapat menurunkan daya bakar gas alam, selain itu dapat merusak sarana yang terkait dengan pengolahan gas alam dan merusak sarana yang menggunakan gas alam sebagai bahan bakar serta emisinya dapat mencemari lingkungan. Salah satu solusi yang terbaik untuk mengatasi masalah ini adalah dengan menggunakan bakteri pereduksi sulfur untuk mereduksi kandungan sulfur dalam gas alam. Jenis bakteri ini dapat mengoksidasi senyawa sulfur untuk menghasilkan energi. Bakteri sulfur dapat menyimpan dan atau menggunakan sulfur elemental atau komponen organik sulfur untuk metabolisme selnya. Dalam penelitian ini bakteri pendegradasi sulfur yang digunakan adalah Thiobacillus thioparus. Dan senyawa sulfur yang digunakan adalah Natrium thiosulfat, Na2S203 dengan konsentrasi 200, 400, dan 600 ppm. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, tingkat ketahanan bakteri Thiobacillus thioparus terhadap variasi konsentrasi senyawa sulfur secara umum mengalami lag fase pada 12 jam pertama, lalu mengalami fase eksponensial dimana pertumbuhan bakteri sangat cepat selama 30 atau 36 jam dan mengalami penurunan populasi pada jam ke-54. Dan laju degradasi sulfur oleh bakteri Thiobacillus thioparus semakin besar konsentrasi substrat, maka laju degradasi akan semakin besar hingga mencapai nilai maksimum, dan kemudian menurun dengan bertambahnya konsentrasi substrat.

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Indonesia have natural gas reserve still high enough. But the quality of produced natural gas in this time still unfavourable because obstetrical influence of non-hidrokarbon gas becoming polutan gas which implied in natural gas, like H2S, SO2, SO3, RSH and etc. Obstetrical height of the sulphur gas can degrade energy burn natural gas, besides can destroy medium which related to processing of natural gas and destroy medium using natural gas upon which burn and also its emission can contaminate environment. One of the best solutions to overcome this problem by using sulphur reducing bacteria to reducing sulphur content in natural gas. this bacteria type can oxidize sulphur compound to yield energi. Sulphur bacteria earn save and or use elemental sulphur or organic component of sulphur for the metabolism of cell.

In this research the sulfur reducer bacteria which used is Thiobacillus thioparus. And sulfur compound which used is Natrium thiosulfat, N2S2O3 with consentration 200, 400, 600 ppm. Pursuant to result of research, mount Thiobacillus thioparus bacteria resilience to sulphur compound concentration variation in general experience of phase lag at 12 first hour, then experience of eksponensial phase where growth bacterium very quickly during 30 or 36 hour and experience of degradation population at hour of 54. And fast of sulphur degradasi by ever greater Thiobacillus thioparus bacterium of substrat concentration, hence accelerateing degradasi will be ever greater till reach maximum, and then decrease by increasing substrat concentration."

"ABSTRAKSulfur merupakan salah satu komoditi utama dalam berbagai industri kimia, seperti industri asam sulfat, kosmetik, dan farmasi. Saat ini, Indonesia masih mengimpor sulfur. Padahal, Indonesia memiliki deposit sulfur alam yang besar. Proses pemurnian sulfur komersil saat ini memiliki biaya operasional yang besar karena harus menginjeksikan steam kontinu dan instalasi peralatan yang mahal. Pada penelitian sebelumnya dilakukan modifikasi proses produksi sulfur menggunakan autoclave dengan sistem batch untuk mereduksi biaya operasional dan dapat dilakukan pada skala kecil. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa proses ini dapat memurnikan batuan dengan kemurnian tinggi tetapi dengan yield yang kurang optimum. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan injeksi gas nitrogen ke dalam sistem untuk meningkatkan transfer kalor ke batuan sulfur sehingga memperbesar yield sulfur yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, kondisi optimum untuk proses pemurnian adalah pada suhu 140oC, rasio volume air/massa batuan sebesar 10 ml/g, tekanan gas nitrogen sebesar 30 psi, dan lama waktu injeksi 6 menit. Yield dan kemurnian yang didapatkan masing-masing sebesar 82,8% dan 99,72%.

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ABSTRACTSulfur is one of the main commodities in various industrial chemicals, such as sulfuric acid industry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. Currently, Indonesia is still importing sulfur. In fact, Indonesia has a large deposit of natural sulfur. Commercial sulfur production process has a significant operational cost due to must inject steam continuously and expensive equipment installations. Based on the research, the modification of sulfur production process using autoclave with batch systems can reduce operational costs and can be implemented on a small scale. The study concluded that this process can purify rocks with high purity but with less optimum yield. In this research, nitrogen gas will be injected into the system to increase the yield of sulfur. Based on the research results, the optimum conditions for the production process is at temperature of 140oC, ratio of water volume/ores mass of 10 ml/g, injected pressure of 30 psi, and the duration of injection of 6 minutes. Yield and purity were obtained respectively by 82.8% and 99.72%."

"A natural phenomenon called as tubo belerang had occurred repeatedly in Lake Maninjau where the sulfide odorous water was apparent causing massive fish kill. Sulfur biogeochemistry in sulfur rich lakes can be critical when inputs of organic matter are high as in Lake Maninjau which has been exploited by floating cage fishery. The objective of the research is to study the biogeochemistry of sulfur in Lake Maninjau and to determine what factors might initiate the natural phenomenon occurrence. The Oxycontin layer had Sheffield from the depth of 20-40 m in 2006 to the depth of 10-20 m in 2008. The dynamics of bio geochemistry of sulfur in Lake Maninjau could be perceived from Sulfide profiles where increasing Sulfide concentrations detected annually. Higher Sulfide concentrations produced indicating more sulfate was reduced in the hypothalami layer. Sulfide concentration reached at level of 5 mg/L in the pore water of sediment. The toxic hydrogen sulfide concentrations were 10 - 120 ug/L. Sulfate concentrations ranged from 4 to 16 mg/L. Based on the pH values, the sulfur species H2S and HS were present in the lake water. Most of sulfur in Lake Maninjau were deposited in the sediment as iron Sulfide solids. The accumulation of organic matter in the hypothalami in the deepest part of the lake and Sheffield Oxycontin layer in four year observation periods indicated that the effect of floating cage fishery on the lake conditions was apparently atrocious. Increased in concentration of organic matter could play an important role on the dynamic of bio geochemistry of sulfur in Lake Maninjau and could be one of the major causes that might trigger the tubo belerang occurrence."

"Kadar sulfur di solar Indonesia saat ini masih sangat tinggi dan perlu diturunkan untuk memenuhi regulasi Internasional maupun untuk efisiensi penggunaan mesin diesel. Desulfurisasi oksidatif katalitik (Cat-ODS) adalah proses yang paling menjanjikan dan paling ekonomis untuk menghasilkan diesel rendah sulfur. Banyak studi pada Cat-ODS menggunakan sistem yang berbeda, termasuk kombinasi H2O­2 sebagai oksidator, asam asetat sebagai katalis dan berbagai alkohol rantai pendek sebagai pelarut. Pada penelitian ini, kombinasi yang dipakai adalah oksidator hidrogen peroksida, katalis asam asetat, dan pelarut metanol digunakan untuk desulfurisasi biosolar di Indonesia. Proses oksidasi akan dilakukan reaktor batch berpengaduk pada suhu tetap 50 oC dengan rasio molar sulfur:asam asetat adalah 1:2 dan rasio sulfur:pelarut 1:4, lalu waktu ekstraksi yang divariasikan dari 10 sampai 40 menit. Senyawa sulfur didalam biosolar berubah menjadi senyawa sulfon sebagai hasil oksidasi, lalu dipisahkan dari biosolar menggunakan ekstraksi cair-cair dengan pelarut metanol. Kinerja Cat-ODS ditentukan berdasarkan perubahan kandungan sulfur sebelum dan sesudah proses Cat-ODS yang dianalisis menggunakan FTIR, ASTM D 4294, GCMS, dan XRF. Pada penelitian ini, dikembangkan analisis kandungan sulfur dengan FTIR, dan korelasi antara FTIR dengan ASTM D 4294 adalah kadar sulfur = ((absorbansi 1169cm^-1/absorbansi 1458 cm^-1)+0,0499)/0,0018. Waktu ekstraksi yang menghasilkan persen desulfurisasi tertinggi adalah 40 menit dengan %desulfurisasi sebesar 28.2% yang menghasilkan solar dengan kadar sulfur 277 ppm

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Sulfur levels in Indonesian diesel are still very high and need to be lowered to meet international regulations and for the efficiency of using diesel engines. Catalytic oxidative desulfurization (Cat-ODS) is the most promising and most economical process for producing low-sulfur diesel. Many studies on Cat-ODS have used different systems, including a combination of H2O2 as an oxidizing agent, acetic acid as a catalyst and various short chain alcohols as solvents. In this research, the combination used is hydrogen peroxide oxidizing agent, acetic acid catalyst, and methanol solvent which is used for biodiesel desulfurization in Indonesia. The oxidation process will be carried out in a stirred batch reactor at a temperature of 50 oC with a sulfur:acetic acid molar ratio of 1:2 and a sulfur:solvent ratio of 1:4, then the extraction time is varied from 10 to 40 minutes. Sulfur compounds in biodiesel turn into sulfone compounds as a result of oxidation, and are separated from liquid-liquid extraction with methanol as solvent Cat-ODS performance is determined based on changes in sulfur content before and after the Cat-ODS process analyzed using FTIR, ASTM D 4294, GCMS, and XRF. In this study, sulfur content analysis was developed using FTIR, and the correlation between FTIR and ASTM D 4294 is Sulfur content (ppmS) = ((absorbance 1169cm^-1/absorbance 1458 cm^-1)+0,0499)/0,0018. The extraction time that produces the highest percentage of desulfurization is 40 minutes with a % desulfurization of 28.2% which produces diesel fuel with a sulfur content of 277 ppm."