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Abstrak :
Microbial communities usually have mixed populations, only in unique environmental situations do microorganisms live entirely alone. Thus many types of interactions are possible among the members of an ecosystem?s community. In general, the constant association of different organisms in an ecosystem is referred to as symbiosis, with the associates being called symbionts. One type of a symbiosis is antagonism. Antagonism is a symbiotic relationship in which one population of microorganisms has a harmful effect on the growth of another microbial population (Batzing 2002: 696). A number of microorganisms (bacteria, yeasts, fungi) which effectively control postharvest pathogens have been identified as antagonists (Mari and Guizzardi 1998:60). A variety of microbial antagonists were reported to control several different pathogens on various fruits. The organism that suppresses the pest or pathogen is referred to as the biological control agent (BCA) (Pal & Mcspadden Gardener 2006: 1). Biological control may in simple terms be defined as the use of one living organism to control another (Druvefors 2004: 4). Often antagonists are isolated on the surface of plants; this natural presence makes them more likely to succeed because of their colonization ability and environmental adaptation (Mari and Guizzardi 1998:60). The use of yeasts as antagonists appears to be quite promising, although the mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. Some antagonist yeasts have been reported as biocontrol agent of fungal pathogen on fruits. Zhao et al. (2008: 115--116) reported that tomato fruit treated with Pichia guillermondii had an infection rate of 25% which was caused by Rhizopus nigricans, which was significantly lower than the control (41.67%). Kalogiannis et al. (2006: 72) reported that Rhodotorula glutinis Y-44 significantly reduced disease incidence caused by Botrytis cinerea on tomato by 52%, compared to the untreated control. Zhang et al. (2004: 84) reported that the application of Cryptococcus laurentii resulted in low average decay incidence caused by B. cinerea in fruit by 7.1%, compared with 40% in the water-treated control fruit. University of Indonesia Culture Collection (UICC) collected epiphytic yeasts from plant samples of Cibodas Botanical Garden, and moulds from decayed tomatoes and infected plants. The ability of the epiphytic yeasts as biocontrol agents against tomato spoilage-causing moulds has not been reported. This study consists of two parts. Part 1 is The Antagonistic Ability of Epiphytic Yeasts of Cibodas Botanical Garden on Tomato Plant Infected-Causing Moulds. Part 2 is The Potential of Candida sp. UICC Y-328 as a Biocontrol Agent of Aspergillus ochraceus on Postharvest Tomatoes.The purposes of this study were to investigate the ability of six species of epiphytic yeasts in inhibiting the growth of tomato plant infected-causing moulds, and the potential of Candida sp. UICC Y-328 as a biocontrol agent in reducing postharvest tomato spoilage caused by Asp. ochraceus. The media used for growing the yeasts was Yeast Malt Agar (YMA), and maintenance for fungi was Potato Dextose Agar (PDA). The media used for antagonistic test were PDA and Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB). Antagonistic test by strip method was carried out by using the concentrations of yeast cells at (0.7--4.45) x 108 CFU/ml, and Asp. ochraceus at (7.0--8.1) x 107 CFU/ml, Asp. terreus Thom at (7.7--8.6) x 107 CFU/ml and Drechslera sp. at (0.45--3.5) x 105 CFU/ml. The yeast cells were inoculated 4 hours earlier before inoculation of mould spores on PDA in Petri dishes. Results showed that Candida sp. UICC Y-328 has highest percentage of colony reduction of Asp. ochraceus (56.45%), followed by Metschnikowia reukaufii UICC Y-351 on reducing colonies of Asp. terreus and Drechslera sp. (25.42% and 51.28%, respectively) during 6-day incubation. Antagonistic test by co-culture method was carried out by using the concentrations of yeast cells at (0.7--4.45) x 108 CFU/ml, and Asp. ochraceus at (6.0--8.6) x 107 CFU/ml, Asp. terreus at (4.6--9.5) x 107 CFU/ml. The yeast cells were inoculated 8 hours earlier before inoculation of mould spores on PDB. Results showed that Candida sp. UICC Y-328 reduced the size of conidial heads (5.52%) and hyphae (8.29%) of Asp. ochraceus, at 3-day incubation. Cryptococcus laurentii UICC Y-379 reduced the size of conidial heads and hyphae of Asp. ochraceus (15.07% and 11.60% respectively) and Asp.terreus (12.35% and 24.47% respectively) at 3-day incubation. Antagonistic test by slide culture method showed that the yeast cells of four strains (Candida rancensis UICC Y-326, Cr. laurentii UICC Y-319, Cr. laurentii UICC Y-379,and M. reukaufii UICC Y-351) attached to hyphae of Drechslera sp. after 3- and 4-day incubation. Cells of Candida sp. UICC Y-328 attached to hyphae of Drechslera sp. after 4-day incubation. Cells of Cr. laurentii UICC Y-385 was not able to attach to hyphae of Drechslera sp. Candida sp. UICC Y-328 was potential in reducing the growth of Asp. ochraceus, and was investigated further for its potential as a biocontrol agent. Wounds on postharvest tomatoes were inoculated with 25 µl of yeast cell suspension and 25 µl of mould spore suspension. The yeast cells were inoculated 24 hours earlier before inoculation of mould spores on wounds of tomatoes. Biocontrol study showed that incidence of spoilage in postharvest tomatoes which were wounded and inoculated with Candida sp. UICC Y-328 and Asp. ochraceus, were reduced by 20% after 15-day incubation at room temperature. All postharvest tomatoes which were wounded and inoculated with Asp. ochraceus as control, were spoiled (100%). Synthetic fungicide Dithane M-45 at a concentration of 0.08% reduced spoilage incidence by 70%. Candida sp. UICC Y-328 was not effective as biofungicide in reducing spoilage incidence.

Abstrak :
Penurunan produktivitas tanah akibat penggunaan pupuk kimia berlebih menjadi permasalahan umum yang terjadi pada tanah marginal. Pertanian cabai rawit (Capsicum frutescens L.) menjadi salah satu sektor pertanian yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap roda perekonomian di Indonesia. Penelitian dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan pupuk kimia dalam mendukung pertumbuhan cabai rawit yang diinokulasikan fungi mikoriza arbuskular Funneliformis mosseae. Parameter pengujian meliputi kimia edafik tanah, agronomi tanaman, kejadian penyakit tanaman, kolonisasi mikoriza, biokimia tanah, sporulasi fungi mikoriza, hingga kelimpahan bakteri pelarut fosfat dan penambat nitrogen di tanah. Hasil menunjukkan adanya beda nyata dalam peningkatan biomassa tanaman cabai rawit yang diinokulasi dengan F. mosseae di berbagai dosis pupuk fosfat dan urea. Hasil analisis statistik DMRT menunjukkan kolonisasi fungi mikoriza F. mosseae berpengaruh dalam mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman cabai pada tanah defisiensi unsur hara nitrogen. Fungi Funneliformis mosseae mampu mereduksi kejadian penyakit cabai rawit di berbagai dosis pupuk fosfat dan urea. Aktivitas enzim fosfatase dan mikroba total di tanah meningkat pada tanaman cabai rawit yang diinokulasi F. mosseae. Asosiasi F. mosseae dengan tanaman cabai rawit memberikan pengaruh positif terhadap populasi mikroba penambat nitrogen dan pelarut fosfat di tanah. Pemberian fungi F. mosseae dapat menekan penggunaan pupuk fosfat sebesar 75% serta memberikan hasil terbaik pada dosis normal pupuk urea. Fungi F. mosseae dapat menekan penggunaan pupuk kimia dan mendukung pertanian cabai rawit yang berkelanjutan. ......Excessive use of chemical fertilizers results in a decrease in soil fertility, a common problem in marginal soils. Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) farming is one of Indonesia’s most important agricultural industries. The research aimed to optimize the use of chemical fertilizers to support the growth of chili inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Funneliformis mosseae. Soil edaphic chemistry, plant agronomy, plant disease incidence, mycorrhizal colonization, soil biochemistry, mycorrhizal fungi sporulation, and the colony of phosphate solubilizing and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil also were included in the test parameters. The results revealed that the increase in plant biomass of chili inoculated with F. mosseae was significantly different regardless of the amount of phosphate and urea fertilizer applied. The mycorrhizal fungi colonization of F. mosseae was successful in supporting the growth of chili plants in nitrogen-deficient soils, according to the results of DMRT statistical analysis. At various phosphate and urea fertilizer dosages, the F. mosseae fungi reduced the incidence of chili disease. When chili plants were inoculated with F. mosseae, phosphatase enzyme activity and total microorganisms in the soil increased. The presence of F. mosseae in the soil increases the population of nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Funneliformis mosseae fungi can reduce the use of phosphate fertilizers by up to 75% while producing the highest performance with standard urea fertilizer dosages. The F. mosseae fungi can help the farmers cultivate chilis more sustainably by reducing the consumption of chemical fertilizers.

Abstrak :
A research to know the fig wasps of the Universitas Indonesia (UI) and Kebun Raya Bogor (KRB) has been done from January 2010 until December 2010. This research was aimed to record the pollinating and non-pollinating fig wasps of UI and KRB, to later compare the result with reports from previous researches. This research would also confirm whether symbiotic breakdown occurs in the research areas. A total of 56 fig trees and shrubs (from 9 species of fig) in UI and 34 fig trees and shrubs (from 34 species of fig) were chosen to be sampled. From those trees and shrubs, 10 sycone were taken. The wasps were then reared inside the sycone to later be preserved using the method of Noyes (1982). After identification, 7 wasp species were found. Ceratosolen marchali Mayr, Ceratosolen fusciceps Mayr, Liporrhopalum tentacularis Grandi, Philotrypesis pilosa Mayr, Boučeka percaudata Bouček, Apocrytophagus testaceus Mayr, and Apocrypta bakeri Joseph were found. From those wasps, 3 species are pollinators and the rest are non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW). The wasps were found from Ficus hispida var. hispida, Ficus hispida var. badiostrigosa, Ficus septica, Ficus montana and Ficus glomerata. Some differences between the specimens of this research with the descriptions from other research were explained. Using Krukal- Wallis analysis, this research discovered that the head width (HW) and front femur length (FFL) of Ceratosolen marchali that were found in Ficus glomerata were smaller than the ones found in other fig species (p HW same = 0.0002; p FFL same = 0.0002), while the ovipositor length (OvL) were the same (p OvL same = 1). Though still statistically smaller, the HW and FFL value of the Ceratosolen marchali found in Ficus glomerata were closer to that of Ceratosolen fusciceps. The result of the research also shows that the one-to-one symbiosis between Ceratosolen marchali and its host (Ficus hispida) has been broken. In this research, Ceratosolen marchali were found pollinating Ficus hispida var. hispida, Ficus hispida var. badiostrigosa, Ficus septica, and even Ficus glomerata. For Ficus montana and Ficus glomerata, it seems that their symbiosis with their pollinators were still maintained.

Abstrak :
Mikrobiota saluran pencernaan neonatus merupakan modulator respon imun yang berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan dan penyakit bagi neonatus. Perkembangan mikrobiota saluran pencernaan neonatus dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor baik faktor maternal maupun faktor neonatal yang secara langsung maupun tidak langsung mempengaruhi kolonisasi mikrobiota usus neonatus pada masa awal kehidupannya. Masa awal kehidupan neonatus (≤ 1 bulan setelah lahir) merupakan periode kritis dalam menentukan kesehatan neonatus jangka panjang maupun jangka pendek. Kolonisasi mikrobiota saluran pencernaan yang menyimpang atau disbiosis pada awal kehidupannya dapat meningkatkan risiko terhadap penyakit yang berkaitan dengan perkembangan sistem imunitasnya seperti alergi, obesitas, diabetes, dan lain-lain. Dengan demikian, ulasan ini membahas tentang peranan mikrobiota saluran pencernaan neonatus pada masa awal kehidupan dalam mendukung kesehatan neonatus dengan mengetahui kolonisasi mikrobiota saluran pencernaan yang simbiosis. Sekuensing amplikon gen target 16S rRNA menggunakan metode NGS merupakan metode yang paling banyak digunakan untuk mengkarakterisasi keragaman mikroba. Sampel mekonium atau feses sebagai representatif lingkungan saluran pencernaan neonatus dikumpulkan dan dilakukan ekstraksi DNA kemudian gen target diamplifikasi dengan PCR. Amplikon yang diperoleh disekuensing dan dikarakterisasi secara bioinformatik untuk menentukan mikroba yang ada dalam sampel serta kelimpahan relatifnya. Selain itu, analisis berbasis teknologi molekuler seperti sekuensing gen target 16S rRNA menggunakan metode NGS dan analisis bioinformatik berperan penting dalam memperluas pengetahuan tentang ekosistem saluran cerna yang kompleks dari sampel mekonium dan feses neonatus. Dalam rangka menciptakan mikrobiota saluran pencernaan yang baik dan mendukung kesehatan neonatus pada masa awal kehidupannya dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan intervensi pada faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perkembangannya. Intervensi seperti merencanakan kelahiran normal, menjaga asupan nutrisi yang seimbang selama masa kehamilan dan juga menyusui, menghindari paparan antibiotik selama kehamilan dan pada neonatus, dan memberikan ASI kepada neonatus terbukti dapat memodulasi perkembangan mikrobiota saluran pencernaan neonatus yang sehat.

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Neonatal gut microbiota is a modulator of the immune response that influences health and disease for neonates. The development of the neonatal gut microbiota is influenced by several factors, both maternal and neonatal factors that directly or indirectly affect the colonization of neonatal gut microbiota in early life. The early-life period of neonatal life (≤ 1 month after birth) is a critical period in determining the long-term and short-term health of neonates. Aberrant colonization of gut microbiota or dysbiosis in early life can increase the risk of diseases related to the development of the immune system such as allergies, obesity, diabetes, and others. Thus, this review discusses the role of the neonatal gut microbiota in early life in supporting neonatal health by knowing the symbiosis colonization of the gut microbiota. The sequencing of 16S rRNA target gene amplicons using the NGS method is the most widely used method to characterize microbial diversity. Meconium or faecal samples as a representative environment of the neonatal digestive tract are collected and DNA extracted then the target gene is amplified by PCR. The obtained amplicons are sequenced and bioinformaticly characterized to determine the microbes present in the sample and their relative abundance. In addition, analysis based on molecular technologies such as 16S rRNA target gene sequencing using the NGS method and bioinformatic analysis play an important role in expanding our knowledge about complex gastrointestinal ecosystems from meconium and neonatal faecal samples. In sum, creating a good gut microbiota and supporting neonatal health in their early-life period can be done by intervening on factors that influence its development. Interventions such as planning a normal birth, maintaining a balanced nutritional intake during pregnancy and lactating, avoiding antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and in neonates, and breastfeeding for neonates are proven to modulate the development of healthy neonatal gut microbiota.

Abstrak :
This volume focuses on the genetic, molecular and cellular components involved in the communication between partners of well-known symbioses, but also reports on the advances for less studied systems.

Abstrak :
Pengembangan ekologi industri dilakukan untuk merubah paradigma industri tradisional menjadi industri yang berwawasan lingkungan. Ekologi industri merupakan sistem yang digunakan untuk mengelola aliran material dan energi dalam suatu kegiatan industri sehingga menghasilkan efisiensi semaksimal mungkin dan menekan hasil samping yang dihasilkan. Tujuan utamanya adalah untuk merubah paradigma lama dengan paradigma baru yang menyatakan bahwa kegiatan industri merupakan kegiatan yang tidak boleh terpisahkan dari alam. Ekologi industri memang merupakan suatu kajian yang masih baru yang menggunakan pendekatan sistem dalam studi-studinya untuk mengintegrasikan antara sistem industri dan alam serta mencari cara-cara untuk mendisain ulang sistem industri tersebut. Ekologi industri ini merupakan salah satu konsep untuk menerapkan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Ekologi industri merupakan multi disiplin ilmu yang membahas masalah sistem industri, aktivitas ekonomi dan hubungannya yang fundamental dengan sistem alam. Salah satu dampak negatif yang dapat membahayakan kebersihan dan kesehatan lingkungan adalah limbah berbahaya dan beracun (B3) yang belum di kelola dengan baik oleh masing-masing industri yang menghasilkannya. Bagi industri penghasil limbah B3, keberadaan industri yang bergerak di bidang pengelolaan limbah B3 sangat membantu dalam hal pengelolaan limbah B3 tersebut baik dalam kegiatan pengangkutan, pengumpulan dan pemanfaatan limbah B3 bagi industri yang membutuhkan. Industri pengelolaan limbah B3 merupakan industri yang memiliki ijin resmi dari Kementrian Lingkungan Hidup di Indonesia, sehingga kegiatan pengelolaan limbah B3 yang dilakukan harus sesuai dengan peraturan-peraturan yang berlaku. Selain perannya dalam mengembangkan jaringan eko-industri dalam pemanfaatan limbah B3, keberadaan industri pengelolaan limbah B3 juga memberikan beberapa dampak terhadap aspek sosial seperti membuka lapangan pekerjaan dan memberikan manfaat ekonomi bagi masyarakat sekitar.

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The development of industrial ecology is to change the paradigm of traditional industries become pro-environmental industry. Industrial ecology is a system used to manage the flow of material and energy of industrial activity to achieve eficiency of resources consumption and minimum pollution produced. The main goal is to change the old paradigm to a new paradigm which states that industrial activity should not be separated from nature. Industrial ecology is a relatively new study that uses a systems approach in his studies to integrate the industrial and natural systems as well as finding ways to redesign the industrial system. Industrial ecology is one of concept for implementing sustainable development. Industrial ecology is a multi-diciplinary science wich examine the problem of industrial system, economic activity and its relationship to the fundamental natural systems. One of the negative impacts that may harm healthcare and hygiene the environment is hazardous and toxic waste (B3) that not managed properly by each of the industries. To hazardous wastes producer, the existence of industrial that engages in management of hazardous and toxic wastes is very important in terms of the management of hazardous and toxic waste in the transportation activities, collection and utilization hazardous waste for industries that require. Hazardous waste management industry is an industry that has official permission from the Ministry of Environment in Indonesia, so the hazardous waste management activities must be conducted according with applicable regulations. In addition to its role in developing industrial ecology networks in the hazardous waste utilization, hazardous waste management industry presence also gives some impact on social aspects such as creating jobs and providing economic benefits for local communities.