"Tesis ini bertujuan menganalisa divergensi institusional Beckert (2010)pada pengelolaan bank soal digital dalam hibridasi birokrasi Indonesia menuju birokrasi era digital (Dunleavy et al., 2006; Margetts & Dunleavy, 2013). Berbeda dengan Gaus et al., (2016), Prabowo (2018), Sofyani et al., (2018), Turner et al., (2019), Harun et al., (2019; 2020), Muafi & Kusumawati, (2020), Meilani & Hardjosoekarto, (2020), kajian berpusat pada hibiridasi birokrasi antara New Public Management NPM, Post NPM, dan Digital Era Governance yang mengakibatkan divergensi unik sesuai dengan karakteristik organisasi. Latar belakang aktor sosial serta keinginan organisasi memiliki karakteristik yang sama dengan kesuksesan organisasi lain menciptakan divergensi institusional serta berdampak pada efisiensi, objektivitas, dan rasionalitas dalam kerangka digital weberian birokrasi (Chris Muellerleile & Susan L. Robertson, 2018; Meilani & Hardjosoekarto, 2020). Dengan menggunakan aplikasi Soft Systems Methodology Reynolds & Holwell, (2010), dikombinasi dengan Text Network Analysis Segev (2020), dan Sosial Network Analysis Mehra et al., (2001); Borgatti et al., (2014), studi ini menunjukkan divergensi institusional di dalam hibridasi birokrasi masih dilatarbelakangi oleh budaya organisasi, kapasitas aktor, struktur anggaran, beban pekerjaan, dan infrastruktur. Meskipun transformasi terbukti menciptakan efisiensi dan rasionalitas, tetapi aspek objektivitas masih jauh dari ukuran netralitas birokrasi yang disebabkan oleh belum optimalnya automatisasi dalam sistem birokrasi era digital. Langkah yang dapat dilakukan mendorong percepatan transformasi digital adalah perlu dirumuskan aturan dari internal dan eksternal yang secara tegas secara koersif mendorong birokrat mencapai standar tertentu pada pola pengelolaan bank soal digital. Melengkapi teori Beckert (2010) dengan menguasai bahasa pemrograman, data base enginering, dan data mining di dalam platform akan menaikkan posisi aktor sebagai alat negosiasi ketika muncul critical juncture. Keberhasilan proses negosiasi merubah peta konstelasi politik di dalam organisasi yang menentukan secara institusional dan dapat merubah tatanan di sekitarnya. Semakin tinggi proses pemahaman aktor terhadap teknologi semakin tinggi keberhasilan melakukan negosiasi. Ketika negosisasi berhasil dilakukan akan mempengaruhi semakin tingginya divergensi institusional.
This thesis aims to analyze Beckert's (2010) institutional divergence in the management of digital question banks in the hybridization of the Indonesian bureaucracy to the digital era bureaucracy (Dunleavy et al., 2006; Margetts & Dunleavy, 2013). In contrast to Gaus et al., (2016), Prabowo (2018), Sofyani et al., (2018), Turner et al., (2019), Harun et al., (2019; 2020), Muafi & Kusumawati, ( 2020), Meilani & Hardjosoekarto, (2020), the study focuses on bureaucratic hybridization between New Public Management NPM, Post NPM, and Digital Era Governance which results in unique divergences according to organizational characteristics. The background of social actors and organizational desires have the same characteristics as the success of other organizations creating institutional divergence and having an impact on efficiency, objectivity, and rationality within the digital framework of the Weberian bureaucracy (Chris Muellerleile & Susan L. Robertson, 2018; Meilani & Hardjosoekarto, 2020). By using the application of Soft Systems Methodology Reynolds & Holwell, (2010), combined with Text Network Analysis Segev (2020), and Social Network Analysis Mehra et al., (2001); Borgatti et al., (2014), this study shows that institutional divergence in bureaucratic hybridization is still motivated by organizational culture, actor capacity, budget structure, workload, and infrastructure. Although the transformation has been proven to create efficiency and rationality, the objectivity aspect is still far from the measure of bureaucratic neutrality caused by the not yet optimal automation in the digital era bureaucratic system. Steps that can be taken to encourage the acceleration of digital transformation are the need to formulate internal and external rules that explicitly and coercively encourage bureaucrats to achieve certain standards in the management pattern of digital question banks. Complementing Beckert's (2010) theory by mastering programming languages, data base engineering, and data mining on the platform will increase the position of actors as negotiating tools when critical junctures arise. The success of the negotiation process changes the map of the political constellation within the organization that is institutionally decisive and can change the surrounding order. The higher the actor's understanding of technology, the higher the success of negotiating. When negotiations are successful, it will affect the higher institutional divergence."
Depok: Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Indonesia, 2021