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"Ballast is one of themain structures for the railway tracks. It can resist the lateral movementunder dynamic loading transferred by the passing trains with repeatedly. Undersome circumstances, ballast can suffer degradation or breakdown due to therepeated loading and maintenance. Ballast is easily exposed to the weatherbecause it is laid on the track. Acid rain affects the performance of therailway track near the industrial and urbanarea. As a result, it starts to foul and the small chips from ballast filledthe void, as well as reduce the shear strength of ballast particles. Thissituation can contribute into the increasing of maintenance frequency andcosting. This paper examines the potential of rubber inclusions in increasingthe shear resistance of rubber-ballast composites in simulated water and acid soakedconditions with several configuration. This lab-based exploratory work is only static load simulation in conventional shear boxsetup measuring 60 mm × 60 mm.The aggregates size is 10 times smaller than actual size of ballast. In orderto identify the shear resistance deterioration of rubber-aggregates mixtureunder poor drainage conditions by soaked a batch of aggregates in water andacid solution for 2 weeks to simulate accelerated weathering effects. The shearresistance did not rise dramatically with the rubber reinforcement. Thissusceptible shear strain plots indicate ductile behaviour on theaggregates-rubber composites. This is evident by the linear rise of shearstress with strain up to approximately 10% for the control samples (CS) untilit reaches a constant value. Note that all the specimens including CS are in aloose state during the testing because there were no tamping been applied onthe samples. Overall the circular patch (CP) specimen was the most favourablethan the other configurations. Both mechanisms contributed to the reducedoverall subsistence, accompanied by an increase in the shear resistance. Theinclusion of rubber elements apparently prevented the dilation of the granularmaterial when approaching the shear failure and the reducing the settlement."

"Perusahaan maskapai penerbangan di Indonesia terus mengalami pertumbuhan seiring dengan meningkatnya perekonomian global dan keuntungan wilayah geografis Indonesia yang merupakan negara kepulauan. Permasalahan yang sering ditemui di industri penerbangan adalah terkait biaya operasional pesawat yang tinggi yaitu sebesar 44% dari keseluruhan pengeluaran dari maskapai penerbangan. Pada penelitian ini, PT. Garuda Indonesia Tbk memiliki permasalahan yang sama dimana perusahaan mengalami kerugian yang disebabkan oleh biaya operasional yang tinggi terutama pada biaya bahan bakar sehingga dibutuhkan evaluasi terkait biaya tersebut. Salah satu cara untuk dapat mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar pesawat adalah dengan memilih jalur penerbangan yang tepat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi jalur penerbangan perusahaan yang dibandingkan dengan jalur penerbangan baru berupa flexible tracks yang merupakan bagian dari free route dalam dunia penerbangan dengan pendekatan route analysis. Flexible tracks memanfaatkan arus angin jetstream sebagai acuan dalam membuat jalur penerbangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jalur penerbangan yang baru berupa flexible tracks memiliki keunggulan dari jalur penerbangan yang lama baik dari segi penggunaan bahan bakar dan flight distance yang dilalui oleh pesawat untuk mempersingkat waktu penerbangan.

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The airline company in Indonesia continues to grow in line with the increasing global economy and the benefits of Indonesia's geographic region. The problems that are often encountered in the aviation industry are related to the high operational cost of 44% of the total expenditure from the airline. In this research, PT. Garuda Indonesia Tbk has the same problem in which the company suffered losses caused by high operational cost especially at the cost of fuel so it is needed evaluation regarding the cost. One way to reduce the use of aircraft fuel is to choose the right flight path. This research aims to evaluate the airline's flight line compared with the new flexible tracks that are part of the free route in the aviation world with a route analysis approach. Flexible tracks utilize Jetstream wind currents as a reference for creating flight paths. The results showed that the new flight path of flexible tracks had the advantage of an old flight path both in terms of fuel usage and flight distance traveled by the aircraft to shorten the flight time.

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"Ballast is one of the main structures for the railway tracks. It can resist the lateral movement under dynamic loading transferred by the passing trains with repeatedly. Under some circumstances, ballast can suffer degradation or breakdown due to the repeated loading and maintenance. Ballast is easily exposed to the weather because it is laid on the track. Acid rain affects the performance of the railway track near the industrial and urban area. As a result, it starts to foul and the small chips from ballast filled the void, as well as reduce the shear strength of ballast particles. This situation can contribute into the increasing of maintenance frequency and costing. This paper examines the potential of rubber inclusions in increasing the shear resistance of rubber-ballast composites in simulated water and acid soaked conditions with several configuration. This lab-based exploratory work is only static load simulation in conventional shear box setup measuring 60 mm × 60 mm. The aggregates size is 10 times smaller than actual size of ballast. In order to identify the shear resistance deterioration of rubber-aggregates mixture under poor drainage conditions by soaked a batch of aggregates in water and acid solution for 2 weeks to simulate accelerated weathering effects. The shear resistance did not rise dramatically with the rubber reinforcement. This susceptible shear strain plots indicate ductile behaviour on the aggregates-rubber composites. This is evident by the linear rise of shear stress with strain up to approximately 10% for the control samples (CS) until it reaches a constant value. Note that all the specimens including CS are in a loose state during the testing because there were no tamping been applied on the samples. Overall the circular patch (CP) specimen was the most favourable than the other configurations. Both mechanisms contributed to the reduced overall subsistence, accompanied by an increase in the shear resistance. The inclusion of rubber elements apparently prevented the dilation of the granular material when approaching the shear failure and the reducing the settlement."

"This book presents selected papers from the International Symposium on Geotechnics for Transportation Infrastructure (ISGTI 2018). The research papers cover geotechnical interventions for the diverse fields of policy formulation, design, implementation, operation and management of the different modes of travel, namely road, air, rail and waterways. This book will be of interest to academic and industry researchers working in transportation geotechnics, as also to practicing engineers, policy makers, and civil agencies."