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"Lichens, a unique symbiosis between a mycobiont and a photobiont organism, are known to produce metabolites that can be tapped as biopesticides for agriculture. Such property of the fruticose lichen Ramalina collected within Guimaras Island, Philippines was investigated in this study. A total of 195 specimens were collected and characterized using conventional morphological and chemical analyses. These lichens were identified as Ramalina farinacea, R. roesleri, and R. nervulosa. To test their potential application in agriculture, nine lichen specimens were extracted with acetone and assayed for its inhibitory activities against test bacteria, fungi, and weedy plants. All nine lichen extracts inhibited Pseudomonas aeruginosa (>19 mm ZOI) while only seven lichen extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (13–19 mm ZOI). No inhibitory activity was observed among the fungal plant pathogens Fusarium oxysporum, F. solani, F. verticillioides, Colletotrichum capsici, and C. gleosporioides, and on the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Pectobacterium carotovorum var. carotovorum. A decrease in the root (up to 27% reduction) and shoot (up to 39% reduction) lengths, and leaf chlorophyll content (up to 44% reduction) of rice weeds Fimbristylis miliacea, Leptochloa chinensis and weedy rice (Oryza sp.) were also observed. These results, therefore, suggested that the lichen crude extract from Ramalina is a potential biological control for weed management."

"Infeksi parasit usus dapat mengganggu tumbuh kembang anak dan mempengaruhi kualitas hidup. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui prevalensi infeksi parasit usus pada anak sekolah dasar di Bekasi pada tahun 2012 dan hubungannya dengan tingkat pengetahuan tentang perilaku hidup bersih sehat (PHBS). Penelitian cross sectional ini dilakukan di sekolah dasar negri (SDN) dan madrasah ibtidaiyah (MI) di Bekasi. Data diambil pada bulan April 2012 dengan menggunakan kuesioner yang berisi pertanyaan mengenai PHBS dan pemeriksaan feses secara langsung. Semua murid yang hadir dijadikan subyek penelitian (metode total sampling). Dari 130 sampel feses, 64,6% positif terinfeksi parasit usus yaitu B.hominis (43,1%), E. coli (3,1%), G. lamblia (3,1%), H. nana (2,3%), B. hominis dan E. coli (3,1%), B. hominis dan G. lamblia (8,5%), B. hominis dan T. trichiura (0,8%), B. hominis, E. coli, T. trichiura dan H. nana (0,8%). Hanya 3 responden (2,3%) yang memiliki pengetahuan baik mengenai PHBS sedangkan 72 responden (55,4%) berpengetahuan sedang dan 55 responden (42,3%) memiliki pengetahuan kurang. Uji chi square menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna (p=0,043) sehingga disimpulkan infeksi parasit usus berhubungan dengan tingkat pengetahuan PHBS.

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Intestinal parasitic infection can interfere children’s growth and development which will affect their quality of life. The purpose of this research is to find out the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among primary school children in Bekasi in 2012 and its association with knowledge level about clean and healthy living behaviour (PHBS). This cross sectional study is conducted in national primary school (SDN) and Islamic primary school in Bekasi (MI). Data is obtained on April 2012 by using questionnaire consisted of questions about PHBS and direct stool examination. All present students are involved (total sampling method). Out of 130 stool samples, 64,6% samples are positively infected by intestinal parasite as follows: B.hominis (43,1%), E. coli (3,1%), G. lamblia (3,1%), H. nana (2,3%), B. hominis and E. coli (3,1%), B. hominis and G. lamblia (8,5%), B. hominis and T. trichiura (0,8%), B. hominis, E. coli, T. trichiura and H. nana (0,8%). Only 3 respondents (2,3%) have high PHBS knowledge while 72 respondents (55,4%) have medium PHBS knowledge and 55 respondents (42,3%) have low PHBS knowledge. Chi square test shows significant difference (p=0,043) therefore it is summarized that intestinal parasitic infection relates with level of PHBS knowledge."

"ABSTRACTRapid decrease in soilfertiligtfollows clearing of forests in the humid tropics and main processes triggered by the removal of vegetation cover are reviewed. The soil of forests, cleared to provide land for cultivation of annual foodcrops are clearly showing a decrease in fertility. This unfortunate phenomena occur mainly in areas of the Indonesian Archipelago located within a belt consisting of areas with 12 months of rainfall and monthly means of 75 and more millimeters. Monocultural cultivation of annual crops in these areas is likely to deplete soil of its fertility and unlessfloodedfield techniques of cultivation is involved, it might seem very unlikely that in the future, the use ofannualfood crops to cultivate clearedforest lands, such as of common practice today, could be maintained without sacrificing soilfertiliiy and destruction. In many parts of theArchipelago, deforestation ofareas to cultivate annual foodcrops is likely to invite processes leading to the fatal destruction of its soil. Unless arboriculture . (tree cultivation), imitating tropical rainforest forests, is practiced to produce food replacing the present traditional production of staple food starch by annual crops, the degradation of the environment will continue ending in an unsustainable, prohtable agriculture. perennial tree likely to become one off the best candidate "

"ABSTRAKRapid decrease in soil fertility follows clearing of forests in the humid tropics and main processes triggered by the removal of vegetation cover are reviewed. The soil of forests, cleared to provide land for cultivation of annual foodcrops are clearly showing a decrease in fertility. This unfortunate phenomena occur mainly in areas of the Indonesian Archipelago located within a belt consisting of areas with 12 months of rainfall and monthly means of 75 and more millimeters. Monocultural cultivation of annual crops in these areas is likely to deplete soil of its fertility and unless flooded field techniques of cultivation is involved, it might seem very unlikely that in the future, the use of annual food crops to cultivate cleared forest lands, such as of common practice today, could be maintained without sacrificing soil fertility and destruction. In many parts of the Archipelago, deforestation of areas to cultivate annual foodcrops is likely to invite processes leading to the fatal destruction of its soil. Unless arboriculture (tree cultivation), imitating tropical rainforest forests, is practiced to produce food, replacing the present traditional production of staple food starch by annual crops, the degradation of the environment will continue ending in an unsustainable, profitable agriculture. A perennial tree likely to become on of the best candidate for this purpose is the sagopalm. Metroxylon spp., an incredibility potent starch producer. The capacity and possibility of this starch producing parennial to fulfill the growing needs of food are reviewed here. Sagopalm plantations, or rather forests, covering a total area of not more than half the size of West-Java, would theoretically be sufficient to continually supply food starch to free no less than 400 million population from hunger. The advantages and superiorities of the sagopalm cultivation compared to other food-starch annual cultures are also discussed."