Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"The collapse of the Ottoman Empire was by no means a singular event. After six hundred years of ruling over the peoples of North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East, a series of wars, insurrections, and revolutions spanning the early twentieth century brought the sultanate to an end. This book encompasses a full accounting of the international political, economic, and social forces that prompted this climactic event in the making of the modern world. In surveying the many tragedies that transpired in the years between 1908 and 1922, this book particularly explores the causes that eventually led so many to view the legacy of the Ottomans with loathing and resentment. Fall of the Sultanate provides a retelling of this critical history as seen through the eyes of those who lived through the Ottoman collapse. Drawing upon a large gamut of sources in multiple languages, this book strikes a critical balance in presenting and interpreting the most impactful experiences that shaped the lives of the empires last generation. The story presented here takes into account the perspectives of the empires diverse population as well as the leaders who piloted the state to its end. In surveying the personal, communal, and national struggles that defined Italys invasion of Libya, the Balkan War, the Great War, and the Turkish War of Independence, Fall of the Sultanate presents readers with a fresh and comprehensive exposition of how and why Ottoman imperial rule ended in bloodshed and disillusionment."

"This study examines the territorial restructuring of Europe between 1917 and 1923, when a radically new and highly fragile peace order was established. In a first step, it explores the peace planning efforts of Great Britain, France, and the United States in the final phase of the first world war. It then provides an in-depth view on the practice of Allied border drawing at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. Special attention is given to a new factor in foreign policymaking, academic experts employed by the three Allied states for the tasks of peace planning and border drawing. Two case studies are presented of disputed regions where the newly drawn borders caused ethnic violence, albeit with different results: the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1918-19 and the Greek-Turkish War between 1919 and 1922. A final chapter investigates the approach of the League of Nations to territorial revisionism and minority rights, thereby assessing the chances and dangers of the Paris peace order over the course of the 1920s and 1930s. The book argues that at both the international and the local levels, the temptation of violence drove key actors to simplify the acclaimed principle of national self-determination and use ethnic definitions of national identity. Local elites, administrations, and paramilitary leaders soon used ethnic notions of identity to mobilise popular support under the guise of international legitimacy. Henceforth, national self-determination ceased to be a tool of peace-making and instead became an ideology of violent resistance."