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Abstrak :
Brief biographies of Indonesian prominent women on social and politics.

Abstrak :
Since antiquity, representation (henceforth: RPT) has been a fundamental concept in aesthetics and semiotics. It has also been a crucial concept in political theory, forming the basics of representational theories of sovereignity, legislative authority and relations of individuals to the state (Lenthriccia. 1990, 11-13). In contemporary theories of RPT, both definitions have intersected. Relationship between language & politics is crucial to much contemporary works on RPT. Recent criticism also focuses on the links between texts and power. All RPTs have, either explicitly or implicitly, a political content. (Childers, 1995: 260-261). RPT has also been an issue of importance for postcolonialists and feminists. RPT is an area of contestation between the dominant and the dominated (Ascroft, 1995: 85-87). Hall (1990: 222-237) problematises the concept and relates it to (cultural) identity and speaking position. According to Hall, (cultural) identity is a process, always constituted within RPT, which in turn. produced from a particular speaking position_a particular time and place. van .Toorn (1995:1-12) distinguihes two kinds of speaking-position, those are fixed unitary-speaking position and postmodern speaking-position.RPT is a relevant issue in a multicultural and a settlers' community like Australia. The fact that Australia has over a hundred ethnic groups as its population and that since 1973, multiculturalism has been launched to manage migrants' population, does not automatically increase the participation of non-Anglo-Celtic (women) immigrants in political, economic or even in social and cultural arenas. Non-Anglo-Celtic women (henceforth: NAC women) immigrants are still doubly-marginalised. They are invisible and hardly represented in the dominant Anglo-Celtic discourse. They are marginalised in the dominant women's anthologies or also in their own ethnic's (male's) anthologies. When represented, they are represented stereotipically as the Other, problem, victim or as a threat. And yet, they had contributed quite siginificantly in the development of (public) services and in manufacturing industry. They also have their own share in promoting Australia as a multicultural society through their cuisine, costume, dancing and other cultural artefacts. However, since the 1970s, the situation has changed gradually with the increasing quantity and quality of multicultural women writers articulating their own (migrant) experiences. In this study, I use the term 'multicultural women-texts' for all kinds of cultural expressions produced by the NAC women. those are writers or cultural producers coming from outside British.

Abstrak :
Sejarah organisasi feminis bernama National Organization for Women yang berdiri di Amerika Serikat pada tahun 1967. Organisasi ini berdiri ketika Amerika Serikat sedang berada di dalam atmosfir pergerakan sosial menuntut dihapuskannya rasisme. Ternyata pcrgerakan sosial ini mcmicu pula bangkitnya gerakan feminisme. Dalam kebangkitan ini banyak terungkap kondisi diskriminatif yang dialami oleh perempuan di AS. National Organization for Women didirikan oleh orang-orang yang bertujuan untuk memperbaiki kondisi ini. Isu-isu besar yang diusung oleh organisasi ini amtara lain isu kesetaraan upah, legalisasi aborsi, pengadaan pusat penitipan anak yang diselenggarakan oleh negara dan ratifikasi Equal Rights Amendment. Amandemen ini menuntut kesetaraan hak antara laki-laki dan perempuan di dunia publik. Penulisan dilakukan dengan menelusuri literatur, baik tercetak maupun di layanan internet.