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Abstrak :
Sifat ferroelektrik lapisan tipis BST yang didoping dengan In2O3 dan struktur kristal serta morfologi permukaannya telah diuji. Lapisan tipis BST 1M dan BST 1M doping In2O3 dengan variasi prosentase doping (1%, 2%, 4%) dideposisikan pada substrat Si (111). Proses penumbuhan lapisan tipis pada substrate menggunakan metode CSD (chemical solution deposition) dengan teknik spin-coating pada kecepatan putar 3000 rpm selama 30 detik. Proses annealing dilakukan pada temperatur 750ºC untuk substrat Si (111) selama 1 jam. Sistem kristal dan orientasi lapisan tipis BST dan BIST diuji dengan difraksi sinar-X dan dilakukan penghalusan (refinement) dengan analisa Rietveld menggunakan GSAS. Hasil penghalusan dengan GSAS diperoleh fasa BST yang terkandung pada Lapisan Tipis BST 1M, BIST 1M 1%, 2% dan 4% (substrat silikon) bersesuaian dengan Ba0,5Sr0,5TiO3 (ICDD) dengan sistem kristal kubik dan parameter kisi (a) berturut-turut 3,947Å, 3,953Å, 3,971Å, 3,970Å. Hasil SEM lapisan tipis BST dan BIST 1M menunjukkan bahwa morfologi permukaan relatif sudah homogen. Nilai polarisasi spontan Lapisan Tipis pada substrat Si (111) untuk BIST 1M 1% adalah 22,964µC.cm-2, BIST 1M 2% adalah 14,544µC.cm-2 dan BIST 1M 4% adalah 34,768µC.cm-2. ......The ferroelectrics properties of BST thin film doped by In2O3 and crystal structure and its morphologic surface have been tested. The BST 1M and BST 1M thin films doped by In2O3 with varied percentage of doping (1%, 2%, 4%) are deposited on Si substrate (111). The process of growing thin films on Si substrate uses CSD (chemical solution deposition) method with spin-coating technique at spinning speed of 3000 rpm for 30 seconds. For Si substrate (111), annealing process runs at 750ºC for one hour. Crystal system BST and BIST thin films orientation is tested using X-Ray diffraction, while refinement is conducted with rietveld analysis using GSAS. Refined items with GSAS produce BST phases contained in thin films of BST 1M, BIST 1M 1%, 2% and 4% (silicone substrate) corresponding to Ba0,5Sr0,5TiO3 (ICDD) with cubic crystal system and lattice constant (a) of 3,947Å, 3,953Å, 3,971Å, 3,970Å respectively. Results of BST and BIST thin films for SEM indicate that the surface morphology is relatively homogeneous. The values of thin film spontaneous polarization on Si substrate (111) for BIST 1M 1%, BIST 1M 2%, and BIST 1M 4% are respectively 22,964µC.cm-2, 14,544µC.cm-2, and 34,768µC.cm-2.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penumbuhan senyawa kalsium fosfat pada matriks mucoza ati-ampela ayam. Penumbuhan dengan metode basah menggunakan presipitasi secara perlahan dengan pH fisiologis yang digunakan 7,4 ± 0,4 dan suhu larutan 37 ± 2 oC. Sampel yang diperoleh dikarakterisasi dengan menggunakan teknik XRD, FTIR dan ESR. Radiasi gamma (Co-60) dengan dosis 10 dan 15 kGy digunakan terlebih dahulu pada sampel sebelum diukur dengan ESR. Profil XRD menunjukkan adanya fasa apatit B dan hidroksiapatit. Massa senyawa kalsium fosfat hasil presipitasi meningkat sebanding dengan peningkatan perbandingan konsentrasi komponen penyusunnya namun kenaikannya tidak linier. Gugus fungsi CO3 2- dan PO4 3- terdeteksi pada spektra FTIR pada ν1, ν2 dan ν4 untuk fosfat dan ν2, ν3 untuk karbonat. Finger print FTIR untuk apatit karbonat tipe B terekam pada bilangan gelombang disekitar 1454 cm-1 dan 1405 cm-1 untuk mode vibrasi pita ganda asimetri stretching dan disekitar 875 cm-1 untuk mode vibrasi pita tunggal bending out of plane. Sinyal ESR yang diperoleh identik dengan sinyal ESR tipe apatit. ......The poliferation of calcium phosphate has done in chicken gizzard mucoza matrices. Poliferation using wet method with slow going precipitation with physiological pH 7.4 ± 0.4 and temperature 37 ± 2 oC. The result sample characterized using XRD, FTIR, and ESR technique. Gamma radiation with dose 10 and 15 kGy previously used on the sample before measured by ESR. XRD profile shows the availability of apatite type B and Hydroxyapatite phase. The mass of calcium phosphate ,as the outcome precipitation, increases proportionally with the increase of its arranging component, but the increase is non linier. Function groups CO3 2- and PO4 3- detected in the FTIR spectra between v1, v2, and v4 for phosphate and v2 and v3 for carbonate. FTIR finger print fro carbonate type B recorded on the wave number 1454 cm-1 and 1405 cm-1for doublet, and 875 cm-1 for singlet bending out of plane. The ESR signals gained are identical to ESR signals type apatite.

Abstrak :
Sampel La0.67Ba0.33Mn1-xNixO3 dengan x = 0.0 ; 0.1 ; 0.2 ; 0.4 dari bahan La2O3, BaCO3, MnCO3, dan NiO disintesis dengan menggunakan metode solid state reaction. Keempat bahan dasar tersebut dihaluskan dengan menggunakan Planetary Ball Milling selama 25 Jam , dikompaksi, dikalsinasi dengan suhu 8000 selama 10 jam dan di sintering pada suhu 13500 selama 20 Jam. Identifikasi fasa dilakukan dengan difraksi sinar X dan refinement High Scorer Plus dan diperoleh fasa tunggal La0.67Ba0.33Mn1-xNixO3 yang memiliki struktur kristal Orthorombik. Pengukuran terhadap nilai resistivitas dan magnetoresistansi (MR) sampel diukur menggunakan FPP (Four Point Probe), sedangkan magnetisasinya diukur dengan menggunakan permaghrap. Disimpulkan bahwa semakin besar doping Ni yang diberikan pada sampel La0.67Ba0.33Mn1-xNixO3 membuat nilai resistivitas sampel meningkat dan nilai negative magnetoresistansi sampel mengalami peningkatan dengan hasil MR terbesar pada sampel x = 0.1 yaitu 1,54 %.

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La0.67Ba0.33Mn1-xNixO3 with x = 0.0 ; 0.1 ; 0.2 ; 0.4 of La2O3, BaCO3, MnCO3, and NiO sintetic using solid state reaction. The Fourth of basic matter are mixed with Planetary Ball Milling for 25 hours, compacted, calcination on 8000 C for 10 hours and sinter 13500 C for 20 hours. Phase identification is carried out Using XRD and High Scorer Plus. Refinement, resulting La0.67Ba0.33Mn1-xNixO3 Wich single phase for All x compotition. The have Orthorombik Crystal Structure. Measurement of resistivity and magnetoresitance (MR) using FPP (Four Point Probe), while magnetization is measured using permaghraph. We get that the bigger Ni doping the more increases of resistivity and for negative magnetoresitance generally is increase, except the biggest negative magnetoresitance is 1,54 % for x = 0.1

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perubahan tekanan gas oksigen dan propana pada pelapisan baja dengan bahan pelapis Wolfram Carbide/Cobalt dengan menggunakan metode HVOF. Untuk itu digunakan XRD, SEM, dan EDAX. Morfologi struktur permukaan digunakan SEM, sedangkan untuk mengetahui komposisi digunakan EDAX selanjutnya XRD digunakan untuk mengetahui struktur dan fasa kristal dengan bantuan program RietAn (Rietfeld Analysis). Dari analisis XRD diperoleh bahwa struktur dan komposisi fasa sangat bergantung pada ratio tekanan antara oksigen dan propana. Fasa-fasa yang dominan dalam lapisan ini adalah WC dan Co. Namun fraksi fasa ini berbanding terbalik dengan ratio tekanan oksigen dan propana. Ratio tekanan oksigen dan propana juga mempengaruhi tingkat difusi atom Cobalt dalam kristal WC. ......The purpose of this research is to understand the influence of changing oxygen pressure and propane by using HVOF process of coating steel with Wolfram Carbide/Cobalt powder. XRD, SEM, and EDAX techniques have been utilized. SEM is used to study the morphologic structure of surface, but EDAX is used to know the composition of phase, and XRD is used to find out the structure and crystals phases by applying RietAn (Ristfeld Analysis) program. From XRD analysis, we find that structure and composition phase depend on the ratio of oxygen and propane?s pressure. The majority phases in this coating are WC and Co. The mass of fraction is indirect proportional to the ratio of oxygen and propane?s pressure. Therefore, the ratio of oxygen and propane influences the diffusion level of Cobalt (Co) in the Wolfram Carbide (WC) crystal structure.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Hidroksiapatit (HA) mempunyai peran penting dalam bidang medis karena komposisi kimia dan strukturnya yang mirip dengan tulang manusia. Material ini disintesis melalui metode hidrotermal dengan prekusor Ca(NO3)2, CaO dan NH3PO4. Variasi temperatur hidrotermal pada 150 ̊C dan 300 ̊C, temperatur sintering pada 900 ̊C selama 3 jam. Endapan yang diperoleh diuji dengan XRD dan SEM-EDX. Morfologi partikel hasil karakterisasi SEM berbentuk batangan memanjang dan melingkar teraglomerasi dan hasil uji EDX menunjukkan rasio Ca/P yang lebih besar dari 1.67. Uji XRD menunjukkan adanya fasa kalsium difosfat, fluorapatit dan apatit karbonat tipe- A di dalam endapan yang meningkatkan rasio Ca/P. ABSTRACT
Hydroxyapatite (HA) posseses significant role in medical application due to its similarity in chemical and structure to human bones. This material was synthesized through hydrothermal method using Ca(NO3)2, CaO and NH3PO4. Hydrothermal temperature varied on 150 ̊C and 300 ̊C, sintering temperature on 900 ̊C for 3 hours. Sample was characterization by XRD and SEM-EDX. Morphology observed by SEM is agglomerated round- spherical- shape particle with Ca/P ratio more than 1.67 measured by EDX. Calcium diphospate, fluorapatite and carbonated type- A presence is observed by XRD.;Hydroxyapatite (HA) posseses significant role in medical application due to its similarity in chemical and structure to human bones. This material was synthesized through hydrothermal method using Ca(NO3)2, CaO and NH3PO4. Hydrothermal temperature varied on 150 ̊C and 300 ̊C, sintering temperature on 900 ̊C for 3 hours. Sample was characterization by XRD and SEM-EDX. Morphology observed by SEM is agglomerated round- spherical- shape particle with Ca/P ratio more than 1.67 measured by EDX. Calcium diphospate, fluorapatite and carbonated type- A presence is observed by XRD., Hydroxyapatite (HA) posseses significant role in medical application due to its similarity in chemical and structure to human bones. This material was synthesized through hydrothermal method using Ca(NO3)2, CaO and NH3PO4. Hydrothermal temperature varied on 150 ̊C and 300 ̊C, sintering temperature on 900 ̊C for 3 hours. Sample was characterization by XRD and SEM-EDX. Morphology observed by SEM is agglomerated round- spherical- shape particle with Ca/P ratio more than 1.67 measured by EDX. Calcium diphospate, fluorapatite and carbonated type- A presence is observed by XRD.]

Abstrak :
Analisis Rielveld dengan program EXPGUI-GSAS dapat digunakan untuk meneliti kekristalan material. Pada penelitian dilakukan penghalusan parameter-parameier struktur liga sampel film tipis PIZT diatas subslrat Pi (200)/Si(VSi(tOO) dengan variasi doping indium, didapat indikator keberhasilan R-pola (Rp) pada selang (5,77-10,36)%, R-pola dengan pemberat (wRp) pada selang aniara (8,59-15,35)% dan Goodness of fit (GoF) pada selang antara 1,036-5,462. Indikator yang didapal secara fisik dapat ditandai dengan miripnya kurva kalkulasi dengan kurva eksperimen. Semua sampel PIZT substrat Pt menunjukkan sistem kristal kubik dengan grup ruang Fm3m. Selain itu didapat nilai parameier kisi hasil penghalusan yang mendekati nilai pada international Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD).

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We have use Rietveld analysis on EXPGUI-GSAS plalform to examine the crystalinity of PIZT on Pt Substrate. In this experiment, we have used 3 samples of PIZT thin film in the platinum substrate with variation on the percentage of indium doping. The value of efficacy indicator for 3 specimens included R-Pattern (Rp) between (5,77-10,36)%, weighted of R-Pattern ( wRp) between ( 8,59-15.35)% and Goodness of Fit (GoF) between 1,036-5,462. The value of efficacy indicator marked physically as alike between the calculated curve and experiment curve. Most of the sample of PIZT thin films in platinum substrate show that the crystal structure are cubic with space group Fm3m and lallice parameter near the value on the Powder Diffraction Data-International Center for Diffraction Data.

Abstrak :
Clay-epoxy nanocomposites were synthesized from DGEBA resin and montmorillonite clay with an in-situ polymerization. One type of untreated clay and two types of organo clay were used to produce the nanocompsoites. The aims of this study were to examine the nanocomposite structure using different tools and to compare the results between the unmodified clay and modified clays as nanofillers. Although diffractogram in reflection mode did not show any apparent peak of both types of materials, the transmitted XRD (X-Ray Difraction) graphs, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) analysis and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) images revealed that the modified clay-epoxy and unmodified clay-epoxy provides different results. Interestingly, the micrographs showed that some of the modified clay layers possessed non-exfoliated layers in the modified clay-epoxy nanocomposites. Clay aggregates and a hackle pattern were found from E-SEM images for both types of nanocomposite materials. It is shown that different tools should be used to determine the nanocomposite structure.

Abstrak :
Film BST 1M dan BST 1M doping Nb2O5 dengan variasi % doping (1%, 2%, 4%) dideposisikan pada substrat Si (111) dan gelas corning dengan metode penumbuhan CSD (chemical solution deposition) dengan teknik spin-coating pada kecepatan putar 3000 rpm selama 30 detik. Film yang terbentuk dilanjutkan dengan proses sintering pada temperatur 450ºC untuk substrat corning dan 850ºC untuk substrat Si (111) selama 3 jam. Sistem kristal dan orientasi film BST dan BNST diuji dengan difraksi sinar-X dan dilakukan penghalusan (refinement) dengan analisa Rietveld yaitu menggunakan GSAS. Hasil penghalusan dengan GSAS diperoleh fasa BST yang terkandung pada film BST 1M, BNST 1M 1%, 2% dan 4% (substrat silikon) bersesuaian dengan Ba0,5Sr0,5TiO3 (ICDD) dengan sistem kristal kubik dan parameter kisi (a) berturut-turut 3,944Å, 3,949Å, 3,950Å, 3,904Å. Sedangkan untuk film BNST 1M 1%, 2% dan 4% (substrat corning) bersesuaian dengan BaTiO3 (ICDD) dengan sistem kristal tetragonal dan parameter kisi (a=b) berturut-turut 3,997Å, 3,987Å, 3,996Å, parameter kisi (c) 4,051Å, 4,041Å, 4,058Å. Hasil SEM film BST dan BNST 1M menunjukkan bahwa morfologi permukaan belum merata dan belum homogen. Harga polarisasi spontan film pada substrat Si (111) untuk BNST 1M 1% adalah 72,100µC.cm-2, BNST 1M 2% adalah 71,680µC.cm-2 dan BNST 1M 4% adalah 51,440µC.cm-2. Sedangkan harga polarisasi spontan film pada substrat corning untuk BNST 1M 1% adalah 121,440µC.cm-2, BNST 1M 2% adalah 121,450µC.cm-2 dan BNST 1M 4% adalah 119,690µC.cm-2. ......1M BST film and 1M Nb2O5 doped BST film with various Nb2O5 content (1%, 2% and 4%) are deposited on both silicon substrate and corning glass substrate, using CSD (chemical solution deposition) growth method by means of spin-coating technique with spin velocity 3000 rpm for 30 second. The resulted film is then followed by sintering process at 450ºC for corning glass substrate and 850ºC for silicon substrate for 3 hours. The crystal system and orientation of BST and BNST film are observed with X-ray diffraction and then the results are refined using Rietveld analysis feature in GSAS. After refinement process using GSAS, the BST phase contained within the 1M BST film and 1M Nb2O5 doped BST films (Nb2O5 content: 1%, 2% and 4%) on silicon substrate is found to be equal to Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 phase (ICDD) with cubic crystal system and lattice parameter (a) respectively as follow: 3,944Å, 3,949Å, 3,950Å, 3,904Å. Whereas for 1M BNST films (Nb2O5 content: 1%, 2% and 4%) on corning glass substrate, the BST phase contained is found to be equal to BaTiO3 phase (ICDD) with tetragonal crystal system and lattice parameter (a=b) respectively as follow: 3,997Å, 3,987Å, 3,996Å and lattice parameter (c) respectively as follow: 4,051Å, 4,041Å, 4,058Å. The SEM result of 1M BST and 1M BNST films show that the surface morphologies are not yet smooth and still heterogen. The spontaneous polarization value of the film on silicon substrate for BNST 1M 1% is 72,100µC.cm-2, BNST 1M 2% is 71,680µC.cm-2 and BNST 1M 4% is 51,440µC.cm-2. Whereas the spontaneous polarization value of the film on corning glass substrate for BNST 1M 1% is 121,440µC.cm-2, BNST 1M 2% is 121,450µC.cm-2 and BNST 1M 4% is 119,690µC.cm-2.