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"Diabetes mellitus (DM) ditandai dengan tingginya kadar gula darah disertai dengan gangguan metabolisme karbohidrat, lipid dan protein sebagai akibat insufisiensi fungsi insulin. Dalam upaya mencari pengobatan alternatif dengan resiko yang sedikit untuk diabetes, beberapa ekstrak tanaman telah diuji aktivitas antidiabetesnya, salah satunya adalah biji Mahoni yang sudah digunakan oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase dan mengidentifikasi golongan senyawa kimia dari fraksi aktif ekstrak biji mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King). Penghambatan aktivitas alfaglukosidase diukur menggunakan Spektrofotometer. Hasil menunjukan bahwa fraksi yang memiliki penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase paling baik dengan nilai IC50 15,44 ppm adalah fraksi petroleum eter. Uji kinetika fraksi petroleum eter memiliki penghambatan kompetitif dan kandungan senyawa kimia yang terdapat didalam fraksi petroleum eter adalah senyawa terpen.

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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by high blood sugar levels along with impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins as a result of insufficiency of insulin function. In an effort to seek alternative treatment with little risk for diabetes, several plant extracts have been tested antidiabetic activity, one of which is Mahogany seeds that have been used by the people of Indonesia.

The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory activity of alpha-glucosidase and identify classes of chemical compounds from active fractions of mahogany seed (Swietenia macrophylla King) extract. The inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity is measure using Spectrophotometry.

The result showed that fraction has the best inhibitory activity alpha-glucosidase with IC50 values of 15,44 ppm is petroleum ether fraction. Kinetics tested of petroleum ether fraction has a competitive inhibition and chemical compounds that consist in petroleum ether fraction is terpene."

"Alfa-glukosidase merupakan enzim yang menghidrolisis ikatan glikosida pada polisakarida kompleks menjadi monosakarida. Penghambatan enzim ini akan menunda absorbsi monosakarida ke dalam epitelium usus, sehingga menurunkan kadar gula darah postprandial. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase dari ekstrak biji Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen. Biji Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi, refluks, Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), dan Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). Penetapan kadar flavonoid total dilakukan menggunakan metode kolorimetri AlCl3, dan kadar fenol total dilakukan menggunakan metode Folin Ciocalteu. Penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase dilakukan menggunakan p-Nitrofenil-α-D-Glukopiranosa (pNPG) sebagai substrat dan akarbosa sebagai standar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen ekstrak yang diperoleh dari metode maserasi, refluks, UAE, dan MAE secara berurutan adalah 5,41; 6,54; 7,12; dan 7,35%. Kadar flavonoid total yang diperoleh dari metode maserasi, refluks, UAE, dan MAE sebesar 15,59; 14,82; 15,24; dan 14,35 mgEK/g ekstrak, dan kadar fenol totalnya adalah 98,16; 88,5; 95,71; dan 87,63 mgEAG/g ekstrak. Ekstrak dari metode maserasi mempunyai penghambatan aktivitas yang paling kuat terhadap enzim alfa-glukosidase (IC50 = 84,44 μg/mL) dibandingkan dengan metode refuks, UAE, dan MAE (IC50 = 90,44; 86,87; dan 94,26 μg/mL).

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Alpha-glucosidase is an enzyme that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides into monosaccharides. Inhibition of this enzyme will reduce the absorption of monosaccharides into intestinal epithelium, resulting in a decrease of postprandial glucose levels. This study aims to determine the alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen seeds extract. Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen seeds were extracted by maceration, reflux, Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) methods. Total flavonoid content was measured using the AlCl3 colorimetric method. Total phenolic content was measured using Folin-ciocalteu method. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity was determined using p-Nitrophenyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside (pNPG) as substrate and Acarbose as a positive control. The yields obtained from the maceration, reflux, UAE, and MAE methods were 5.41; 6.54; 7.12; and 7.35%, respectively. The total flavonoid content obtained from the maceration, reflux, UAE, and MAE methods were 12.47; 15.59; 14.82; 15.24; and 14.35 mgQE/g extract, respectively, and the total phenolic content were 98.16; 88.5; 95.71; and 87.63 mgGAE/g extract. The maceration method extracts had the strongest alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 84.44 μg/mL) compared to reflux, UAE, and MAE methods (IC50 = 90.44; 86.87; and 94.26 μg/mL)."

"Diabetes mellitus adalah penyakit yang ditandai oleh tingginya kadar gula darah dan telah banyak diderita oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Pengobatan tradisional untuk penyakit diabetes dilakukan menggunakan berbagai macam tanaman obat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji adanya aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase pada 15 jenis tanaman yang secara tradisional digunakan sebagai antidiabetes. Pengujian dilakukan secara in vitro terhadap ekstrak etanol tanaman menggunakan enzim α-glukosidase dan substrat P-Nitrofenil-α-D-Glukopiranosida yang menghasilkan produk paranitrofenol. Produk tersebut diukur serapannya menggunakan Spektrofotometer UV-Vis pada λ 400 nm. Parameter adanya aktivitas penghambatan yang dimiliki oleh ekstrak ditunjukan oleh nilai %inhibisi dan IC50. Hasil pengujian aktivitas penghambatan enzim α-glukosidase menunjukkan bahwa hampir semua ekstrak memiliki aktivitas penghambatan, kecuali buah belimbing wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) dan umbi wortel (Daucus carota L.), sedangkan ekstrak yang memiliki daya penghambatan terbaik adalah kulit batang kayu manis (Cinnamomum burmanii (Nees & T.Nees) Blume) dengan nilai IC50 2,11 μg/mL, diikuti oleh kulit batang jamblang (Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeel) dengan nilai IC50 3,78 μg/mL, kulit batang bidara laut (Strychnos lucida R.Br.) dengan nilai IC50 5,40 μg/mL, dan bunga cengkeh (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & Perry) dengan nilai IC50 5,78 μg/mL. Golongan senyawa yang dikandung oleh ekstrak tanaman yang memiliki aktivitas penghambatan yang tinggi adalah glikosida dan tanin.

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease with high blood glucose levels, and this is one of the common diseases in Indonesia. A traditional medication for diabetes mellitus did by using the medicinal plants. The aim of this research was to determine an α-glucosidase inhibiting activity from 15 ethanolic extracts of Indonesian medicinal plants that had been used for diabetes mellitus. The method was an in vitro model using α?glucosidase and P-Nitrophenyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside as enzyme and substrate that produced p-nitrophenol. The product was measured by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis at λ 400 nm. The parameters of inhibiting activity were indicated by the values of % inhibition and IC50. The results indicated that almost of the extracts have inhibiting activity, except the Averrhoa bilimbi L. fruits and the Daucus carota L. tubers. The high activities are belong to the cortexes of Cinnamomum burmanii (Nees & T.Nees), Blume, Syzygium cumini L., Strychnos lucida R.Br. and the flowers of Syzygium aromaticum L. with IC50 value of 2.11 μg/mL, 3.78 μg/mL, 5.40 μg/mL, and 5.78 μg/mL. The phytochemical screening indicated that the extracts with high inhibiting activity contain glycosides and tannins as their chemical compounds."

"Diabetes mellitus merupakan salah satu penyakit dengan penderita yang cukup banyak di dunia. Indonesia sendiri merupakan negara yang menempati urutan keempat dengan jumlah penderita diabetes terbanyak sedunia. Berbagai pengobatan selalu dikembangkan untuk menurunkan jumlah penderita diabetes tiap tahunnya, salah satu pilihan adalah pengobatan herbal. Berbagai penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman dari suku Clusiaceae memiliki khasiat sebagai anti diabetes, Calophyllum hosei Ridl. merupakan salah satunya. Dalam penelitian ini, C. hosei akan diteliti lebih lanjut khasiatnya terhadap penghambatan alfa-glukosidase yang akan menentukan apakah tanaman ini memiliki khasiat sebagai anti diabetes. Ekstrak etanol dari tanaman C. hosei difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat, dan butanol sehingga dihasilkan fraksi bertingkat. Fraksi-fraksi tersebut kemudian diuji aktivitas penghambatan alfa-glukosidase menggunakan alat spektrofotometri multiwell dengan panjang gelombang 405 nm untuk menentukan nilai persen inhibisi yang akan digunakan untuk menentukan nilai IC50. Fraksi yang berpotensi memiliki khasiat kemudian dipisahkan dengan menggunakan kromatografi kolom dengan pelarut bertingkat. Subfraksi yang dihasilkan kemudian diuji aktivitas penghambatan alfa-glukosidase untuk menentukan nilai persen inhibisi. Subfraksi yang paling tinggi persen inhibisinya kemudian akan dicari nilai IC50. Fraksi n-heksan, etil asetat, butanol dan air masing-masing memiliki IC50 sebesar 327,88; 119,4; 34,43 dan 102,33 ppm. Sedangkan subfraksi teraktif memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 84,36 ppm. Akarbose yang digunakan sebagai pembanding memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 91,17 ppm.

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease with a lot of patients in the world. Indonesia itself is a country that ranks fourth in the number of diabetics worldwide. Various treatments have always been developed to reduce the number of people with diabetes each year, alternative options such as herbal medicine is one of them. A lot of experiences shown that plants from family clusiaceae have a efficacy as an antidiabetic drug, one of them is Calophyllum hosei Ridl. In this study, C. hosei will be further examined efficacy against inhibition of alpha-glucosidase that will determine whether this plant has efficacy as an anti diabetic drug. The ethanol extract from plant C. hosei Ridl. is fractionated by using a funnel to obtain fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. Fractions are then tested as alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity as a parameter using a multiwell spectrophotometry with a wavelength of 405 nm to determine the percent inhibitory values that will be used to determine the IC50 value. Faction that has potential, which is ethyl acetate fraction, then isolated using column chromatography with solvent that gradually rising its polarity. Subfractions then tested using alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity as a parameter to determine the percent inhibition values. Subfraction with highest percent inhibitory then used as a sample to determine the IC50 value. Fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water each have IC50 of 327.88; 119.4; 34.43 and 102.33 ppm. While the most active subfraction from ethyl acetate fraction has IC50 value of 84.36 ppm. Acarbose, which has used as a comparator, has IC50 value of 91.17 ppm."

"ABSTRAKAlfa-glukosidase merupakan enzim yang dapat menghidrolisis ikatan glikosidik pada oligosakarida menjadi monosakarida (glukosa, fruktosa, dan galaktosa). Penghambatan enzim ini akan mengurangi penyerapan monosakarida sehingga terjadi penurunan kadar glukosa postprandial. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak etanol 80% daun mingaram (Caphalomappa malloticarpa J.J.Sm.) menunjukkan penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji penghambatan aktivitas alfa-glukosidase pada ekstrak etanol 80% yang difraksinasi menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, etil asetat, dan metanol. Metode ekstraksi yang digunakan adalah refluks dengan pelarut etanol 80% dan dilanjutkan dengan fraksinasi partisi menggunakan corong pisah dengan pelarut polaritas gradien. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sampel aktif dengan penghambatan alfa-glukosidase adalah ekstrak etanol dan fraksi etil asetat (dibandingkan dengan acarbose, IC50 acarbose 46,16 g/mL). Ekstrak etanol 80% memiliki nilai IC50 sebesar 21,345 ± 3,27 g/mL dan fraksi etil asetat memiliki IC50 sebesar 31,595 ± 3,97 g/mL. Sedangkan fraksi n-heksana dan metanol menghasilkan nilai IC50 yang lebih besar dari standar, yaitu 181.855 ± 9,54 dan 95,6 ± 6,91 g/mL. Kandungan total fenol dalam ekstrak etanol 80%, fraksi n-heksana, fraksi etil asetat, dan fraksi metanol daun mingaram berturut-turut adalah 613,79; 591.80; 874,96; dan 566,14 mgGAE/gr sampel. Peningkatan kadar fenol total tidak sebanding dengan nilai IC50 penghambatan alfa-glukosidase. Fraksinasi tidak menurunkan nilai IC50 penghambatan alfa-glukosidase jika dibandingkan dengan nilai IC50 ekstrak awal.ABSTRACTAlpha-glucosidase is an enzyme that can hydrolyze glycosidic bonds in oligosaccharides into monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, and galactose). Inhibition of this enzyme will reduce the absorption of monosaccharides resulting in a decrease in postprandial glucose levels. In a previous study, 80% ethanol extract of mingaram (Caphalomappa malloticarpa J.J.Sm.) leaves showed inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity. This study aimed to test the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity in 80% ethanol extract fractionated using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol as solvents. The extraction method used was reflux with 80% ethanol solvent and continued with partition fractionation using a separating funnel with a gradient polarity solvent. The test results showed that the active samples with alpha-glucosidase inhibition were ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction (compared to acarbose, IC50 acarbose 46.16 g/mL). The 80% ethanol extract had an IC50 value of 21.345 ± 3.27 g/mL and the ethyl acetate fraction had an IC50 of 31.595 ± 3.97 g/mL. Meanwhile, the n-hexane and methanol fractions produced IC50 values ​​that were greater than the standard, namely 181,855 ± 9.54 and 95.6 ± 6.91 g/mL. The total phenol content in 80% ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and methanol fraction of mingaram leaves were 613.79; 591.80; 874.96; and 566.14 mgGAE/gr sample. The increase in total phenol content was not proportional to the IC50 value of alpha-glucosidase inhibition. Fractionation did not decrease the IC50 value of alpha-glucosidase inhibition when compared to the IC50 value of the initial extract."

"Research through a metabolomics approach is carried out withoutisolating a single active compound responsible for an activity. Empirically the root, stem, and leaf preparations of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine such as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds that have antioxidant and antidiabetic activity through inhibition of alpha-glucosidase activity of plant R. Nasutus metabolomics and molecular tethering based liquid chromatography very high performance mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (KCKST SM/SM). The stages of research carried out include: (1) Extraction of leaves, flowers, and bark using 70% ethanol with ultrasonic wave-assisted extraction method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (PPP). (3) Testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their PPP fractions in vitro. (4) Testing of antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) method; ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP); cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on PPP fractions whose alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity is very active and/or active. (6) Chemometric analysis with multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software against metabolite area area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity resulting from metabolomics by molecular tethering. This study obtained 10 active compounds in the inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in the KPS fraction of R. nasutus, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amines, (6) choline, (7) leu gly, (8) N-methyltanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodesiltrimethethlammonium, (15) austalida J, (17) DL-β-leucine, (22) cemilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, 6 compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) contributed significantly as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and 3 compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CRAPC method.

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In the metabolomics approach, research is done without isolating any active compounds that cause activity. Empirically, preparations of the roots, stems, and leaves of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz have long been used in traditional medicine for such purposes as the treatment of diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension. This dissertation aims to evaluate compounds with antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity by inhibiting the alpha-glucosidase activity of the plant R. nasutus using a metabolomics approach and molecular docking based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (UHPL MS/MS). The stages of the research included: (1) extraction of leaves, flowers, and stem bark using 70% ethanol using an ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method. (2) Fractionation of selected extracts using centrifugation partition chromatography (CPC). (3) In vitro testing of antidiabetic activity through the mechanism of alpha-glucosidase inhibition of selected extracts and their CPC fractions. (4) Testing the antioxidant activity with the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) in vitro against extracts and CPC fractions with highly active, active, or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (5) Determination of metabolite profiles using KCKST SM/SM Q-Orbitrap on CPC fractions with highly active or slightly active alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity. (6) Chemometric analysis in the form of multivariate data analysis using SIMCA software on metabolite area data and bioactivity data. (7) Verification of compounds that contribute significantly as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity in metabolomics by molecular docking.This study obtained 10 active compounds in alpha-glucosidase inhibition in the R. nasutus CPC fraction, namely compounds (5) bis(2-ethylhexyl) amine, (6) choline, (7) leugly, (8) N-methylethanolamine phosphate, (11) N-methyldioctylamine, (14) dodecyltrimethylammonium, (15) austalide J, (17) DL-β-Leucine, (22) semilicoisoflavone B, and (26) licoflavone B. In addition, it was also found that six compounds (compounds 5, 8, 11, 14, 15, and 22) significantly contributed as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors as well as very strong antioxidants with the FRAP method and three compounds (compounds 5, 11, and 15) with the CUPRAC method."

"ABSTRAKAlfa glukosidase merupakan enzim yang dapat menghidrolisis ikatan glikosidik pada oligosakarida menjadi monosakarida. Penghambatan pada enzim ini merupakan salah satu mekanisme yang dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan kadar glukosa darah setelah makan (postprandial) dengan cara memperlambat penyerapan glukosa. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak etanol 80% kulit batang karandan (Carissa carandas L.) menunjukkan adanya penghambatan terhadap aktivitas alfa glukosidase. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji penghambatan aktivitas alfa glukosidase pada ekstrak n-heksan, etil asetat, dan metanol serta fraksi teraktif dari ekstrak kulit batang karandan dengan penghambatan tertinggi. Ekstraksi dilakukan secara bertingkat dengan metode refluks menggunakan pelarut n heksan, etil asetat, metanol berturut-turut dan dilanjutkan fraksinasi terhadap ekstrak dengan penghambatan tertinggi menggunakan kromatografi kolom dengan pelarut kepolaran bertingkat. Hasil uji menunjukkan ekstrak n-heksan merupakan ekstrak teraktif yang dapat menghambat enzim alfa glukosidase dengan nilai persen inhibisi 30.12% pada konsentrasi 150 μg/mL dan fraksi F merupakan fraksi teraktif yang memiliki nilai persen inhibisi 86.73% pada konsentrasi 150 μg/mL dengan nilai IC50 82.47μg/mL. Pada penapisan fitokimia diketahui adanya golongan senyawa terpenoid, steroid, alkaloid, dan fenol pada fraksi F yang kemungkinan berperan sebagai senyawa yang aktif dalam menghambat alfa glukosidase.

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ABSTRACT

Alpha glucosidase is an enzyme that can hydrolized glycosidic bonds of oligosaccharides to monosaccharides. Inhibition of this enzyme is one of many mechanism that can be used to decreased after meal blood glucose level by slowing down the absorption of glucose. In previous study, 80% ethanol extract from karandan stem bark (Carissa carandas L.) showed inhibition of alpha glucosidase activity. This study aims to examine alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts as well as determine the most active fraction of the extracts with highest inhibition. Extraction was carried out through exhaustive reflux using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and continued with fractionation of the extract which have highest inhibition using column chromatography with gradient polarity solvents. The results showed that the most active alpha glucosidase inhibition is n-hexane extract with percent inhibition value of 30.12% at concentration of 150 μg/mL and fraction F is the most active fraction which have an inhibition value of 86.73% at concentration of 150 μg/mL and IC50 value of 82.47 μg/mL. The results of phytochemical screening is fraction F contained terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, and phenolic compounds which were expected to have a role in inhibiting alpha mglucosidase."