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Abstrak :
Kitosan dan alginat merupakan polimer mukoadhesif dapat digunakan untuk sistem penghantaran obat target kolon. Kitosan memiliki sifat mukoadhesif untuk dapat berikatan dengan musin pada saluran pencernaan sehingga dapat memperlama waktu absorbsi obat. Uji adsorpsi musin pada mikrosfer digunakan untuk mengukur kekuatan sifat mukoadhesif dari mikrosfer kitosan-alginat. Mikrosfer diperoleh dengan metode gelasi ionik pada variasi konsentrasi komposisi kitosan-alginat dan variasi berat molekul kitosan. Uji adsorpsi musin pada mikrosfer kitosan-alginat dilakukan dengan metode Mucous Glycoprotein Assay dengan menggunakan reagen Periodic Acid dan Schiff. Dari hasil spektrofotometri visible didapatkan bahwa mikrosfer dengan berat molekul kitosan rendah dan variasi komposisi kitosan alginat 1:0 memiliki sifat mukoadhesif yang paling tinggi yaitu antara 58-86% musin teradsorb. Campuran polimer kitosan-alginat berpotensi untuk dijadikan sistem penghantaran obat mukoadhesif ...... Chitosan and alginate are polymer which has been widely used for drug delivery colon target. Mucoadhesive properties of chitosan can prolong time of drug absorption. Mucin adsorption on microspheres is used to measure the strength of the mucoadhesive properties of chitosan alginate microspheres. Microspheres obtained by ionic gelation method with ratio chitosan-alginate variation and chitosan molecular weight variation. The percentage of mucin adsorption on chitosan-alginate microspheres were determined by Mucous Glcycoprotein Assay using Periodic Acid and Schiff reagent. Visible Spectrophotometry showed that the microspheres with low molecular weight of chitosan and ratio chitosan alginate 1:0 has the highest mucoadhesive properties, between 58-86% mucin adsorption. Chitosan-alginate polymer has the potential to be used as a mucoadhesive drug delivery systems.

Abstrak :
Shrimp shell be used to make chitosan . The objective of this work is to sythesis and optimize chitosan-alginate gel by comparing its rheological properties......

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ABSTRACT
Alginate extracted from brown seaweed has gelling properties that make it useful as a wall material in encapsulation systems. Liquid smoke contains the active substances, such as phenols, which can preserve food. In order to protect the active substances, liquid smoke is encapsulated by using alginate and maltodextrin. The purpose of this study was to investigate liquid smoke encapsulation technology with maltodextrin and alginate using a spray dryer, to improve the physical and chemical characteristics of the liquid smoke. The microcapsules of liquid smoke were made, using a spray dryer SD 04, by encapsulating liquid smoke with two types of wall materials, maltodextrin and the combination of alginatemaltodextrin. The ratio of liquid smoke to total solids (wall materials) was 9:1 (v/w). The alginate concentration used was 0.5 to 2% (w/v). Parameters observed in this study were phenol release, shape and morphology, encapsulant efficiency, drying yield, phenol marker and, particle size. This study used a completely randomized design with three replications. The best treatment was obtained by using the alginate with a concentration of 1% (w/v) and maltodextrin of 9% (w/v) with phenol release of 2.52% (w/w) in the 20 minute of release, encapsulant efficiency of 45.13% and drying yield of 28.74%. The particle size analyzer results showed that the particles were agglomerating. Scanning electronic microscope (SEM) observation illustrated that all treatments have a better capsule morphology than the controls, whereas Optilab image processing and analysis software results showed that phenolic compounds are encapsulated by wall materials used.

Abstrak :
The preparation and characterization of macro alginate beads are always associated with appropriate techniques involving precise measurement of shape, size, volume and density of the products. Depending on the type of application, encapsulation of macro alginate beads can be accomplished by various techniques including chemical, ionotropic, physical and mechanical methods. This work describes a method for preparing macro alginate beads through drop weight. The macro beads (2.85–3.85 mm) were prepared via different concentrations of alginate (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g/L), dripping tip size (0.04–0.14 cm) and immersion into a predetermined concentration of calcium chloride (CaCl2) bath. A custom made dripping vessel fabricated from acrylic plastic, connected to an adjustable dripping clamp was used to simulate the dripping process of the molten alginate at different tip sizes. It was observed that at different dripping tips, the correction factor for the alginate slurry was found in the range of 0.73–0.83. Meanwhile, the lost factor, KLF was observed at 0.93–2.3 and the shrinkage factors were limited to 2.00% from the overall distributed data. It was concluded that liquid properties had no effect on the liquid lost factor. The bead size prediction for different concentrations of alginate solution was compared to the experimental data. Subsequently, it was concluded that increasing the tip size caused the bead size to deviate almost 20% when compared to the experimental and predicted values, respectively.

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ABSTRACT
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman terhadap degradasi scaffold HA/alginat 30/70 dan scaffold HA/alginat/kitosan 30/50/20 . Degradasi ditentukan melalui selisih berat sebelum dan setelah perendaman selama 3, 6, 9, 12, atau 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa degradasi scaffold HA/alginat selama 3, 6, 9, 12, atau 24 jam secara berurutan 17,6 1,33; 21,3 0,66; 24,2 1,01; 26,2 1,19 atau 27,6 0,31 dan degradasi scaffold HA/alginat/kitosan dengan lama perendaman yang sama secara berurutan 30,2 0,81; 39,4 0,67; 43,7 0,66; 48,1 0,94; atau 51,5 0,39. Degradasi scaffold HA/alginat dan HA/alginat/kitosan berbeda bermakna.

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ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of immersion time on degradation of HA alginate 30 70 and HA alginate chitosan 30 50 20 scaffolds. Degradation of the scaffold is determined by the difference of weight before and after immersion for 3, 6, 9, 12, or 24 hours. The result showed that degradation of HA alginate scaffold with 3, 6, 9, 12 or 24 hours of immersion time were 17,6 1,33 21,3 0,66 24,2 1,01 26,2 1,19 or 27,6 0,31 and degradation of HA alginate chitosan scaffold with the same immersion time were 30,2 0,81 39,4 0,67 43,7 0,66 48,1 0,94 or 51,5 0,39. HA alginate and HA alginate chitosan scaffolds has significantly different.

Abstrak :
Salah satu bahan dasar dari material cetak alginat adalah natrium alginat. Natrium alginat eksperimen dibuat dari ekstraksi rumput laut coklat Sargassum sp. menggunakan perendaman dalam kondisi asam. Hasil natrium alginat diuji kemurnian dan viskositasnya. Natrium Alginat eksperimen dalam penelitian ini memiliki sifat kemurnian yang sesuai dengan bubuk natrium alginat standar dari SIGMA A2158 setelah dilakukan pengujian menggunakan high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Dengan uji viskositas Brookefield, natrium alginat ini memiliki viskositas yang rendah sebesar 45,3 mPas sehingga belum sesuai sebagai bahan dasar material cetak alginat. ......Sodium alginate is one of the basic ingredient of the alginate impression material. Experimental sodium alginate was made by extracting Sargassum brown seaweed species using an immersion method in acid. The sodium alginate powder was then tested for its purity and viscosity. Using the High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) test, the experimental sodium alginate had purity corresponding to the standard sodium alginate powder of SIGMA A2158. Through the Brookefield viscosity test, the experimental sodium alginate had too low viscosity of 45.3 mPas which is not suitable yet for Dental Alginate Impression Material basic ingredient.

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ABSTRAK
Natrium alginat yang berasal dari ganggang coklat Sargassum sp. telah berhasil diisolasi pada variasi suhu, yaitu 30°C, 45°C dan 60°C. Rendemen tertinggi didapatkan pada suhu 30°C, dengan nilai sebesar 62.9%. Hasil isolasi menunjukkan massa natrium alginat dipengaruhi oleh suhu. Natrium alginat hasil isolasi dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR, XRD dan SEM-EDX. Natrium alginat digunakan untuk membentuk nanokomposit kalsium alginat-TiO2/SiO2 dengan metode enkapsulasi TiO2/SiO2. Proses enkapsulasi dilakukan dengan konsentrasi larutan natrium alginat rendah dan penambahan ion Ca2+ dari CaCl2.2H2O, sehingga terbentuk gel halus kalsium alginat. TiO2/SiO2 dibentuk dari proses sol-gel prekursor tetraetil ortosilikat (TEOS) dan titanium isopropoksida (TTIP) dalam keadaan asam. Nanokomposit kalsium alginat-TiO2/SiO2 dikarakterisasi dengan FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX dan TEM. Hasil pengukuran SEM menunjukkan bentuk partikel TiO2/SiO2 dengan permukaan berserat yang mengkonfirmasi keberhasilan pembentukan nanokomposit kalsium alginat-TiO2/SiO2. Nanokomposit kalsium alginat-TiO2/SiO2 yang bersifat asam dan berserat dimanfaatkan sebagai katalis dalam proses konversi glukosa menjadi 5-hidroksimetilfurfural dengan pelarut dimetilsulfoksida (DMSO). Rendemen 5-hidroksimetilfurfural didapatkan pada suhu 140°C dan waktu 4 jam, sebesar 12.832%. Kinetika reaksi glukosa menjadi 5-hidroksimetilfurfural mengikuti persamaan laju reaksi orde satu dengan energi aktivasi sebesar 253.949 kJ/mol.

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ABSTRACT
The sodium alginate from Sargassum sp. brown seaweed was isolated at varied temperatures which are 30°C, 45°C dan 60°C. The highest yield is obtained at 30°C which the value is 62.9%. The yield obtained showed that a sodium alginate's mass affected by a temperature. The isolated sodium alginate was characterized by FTIR spectra, XRD spectra and SEM-EDX imaging. The sodium alginate was used to form calcium alginate-TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite with an encapsulation method of calcium alginate-TiO2/SiO2. The encapsulation process was done with the low concentration of alginate solution and Ca2+ ion from CaCl2.2H2O, thereby calcium alginate pragel was formed. The TiO2/SiO2 was synthesizing by sol-gel process of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and titanium isopropoxide precursors (TTIP) in acid condition. The calcium alginate-TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite was characterized by FTIR spectra, XRD spectra, SEM-EDX imagings and TEM imagings. The SEM images showed the morphology of TiO2/SiO2 particle with a fibrous surface which confirmed that the calcium alginate-TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite was synthesized. The calcium alginate-TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite which has acidity and fibrous properties was utilized as a catalyst for the conversion process of glucose to its derivative compound in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solvent. The result of the conversion process showed that glucose's mass decreased to the elevation of oil bath's temperature. The highest yield of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is achieved at 140°C for 4 hours which the value is 12.832%. The reaction kinetic of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is according to a first-rate equation with the activation energy was 253.949 kJ/mol.

Abstrak :
Sistem penghantaran obat ke kolon banyak digunakan untuk memfasilitasi zat aktif terlepas dan memberikan efek terapi pada kolon. Salah satu penyakit yang dapat disembuhkan dengan sistem penghantaran ini adalah fibrosis usus. Tetrandrine digunakan sebagai obat antifibrosis usus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat beads dengan metode gelasi ionik menggunakan polimer natrium alginat yang tersambung silang dengan kation Ca2+. Beads kalsium-alginat tetrandrine dibuat dalam tiga formula dengan variasi konsentrasi kalsium klorida yang digunakan (2%, 3%, 4%). Ketiga formula tersebut dikarakterisasi meliputi bentuk dan morfologi, ukuran partikel, kadar air, efisiensi proses, efisiensi penjerapan, uji termal, analisis difraksi sinar x, dan uji daya mengembang. Beads yang dihasilkan berbentuk hampir bulat, distribusi ukuran partikel 742.753µm – 780,683µm. Efisiensi penjerapan dari ketiga formula berturut-turut yaitu 78,920%, 82,701%, dan 68,504%. Formula yang paling optimum (beads formula 2) disalut dengan HPMCP HP-55 atau CAP kemudian dilakukan uji pelepasan obat secara in vitro. Uji pelepasan dilakukan pada medium asam klorida pH 1,2, dapar fosfat pH 7,4 dan dapar fosfat pH 6,8. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa beads yang disalut dengan CAP 10% melepaskan obat dengan total kumulatif yang paling besar. Beads CAP 10% dilakukan uji pentargetan obat secara in vivo dan hasilnya beads ditemukan dalam usus tikus. ...... Colon drug delivery system has been used to facilitate drug to release and give therapeutic effects in colon. Intestinal fibrosis is one of the diseases that can be cured by colon drug delivery system. Tetrandrine was used as intestinal antifibrotic drug. The aim of this research was to prepare beads by ionic gelation method, where sodium alginate were crosslinked with Ca2+ cation. Calcium-alginate beads tetrandrine were prepared in three formulas which various concentration of CaCl2 (2%, 3%, 4%). These beads were characterized include shape and morphology, particle size, moisture content, process efficiency, entrapment efficiency, thermal analysis, x-ray diffraction analysis, and swelling analysis. The result showed that beads which produced have almost spherical form, most of particle size was between 742.753µm – 780,683µm. The entrapment efficiency of three formulas were 78.920%, 82.701%, dan 68.504%. The best formula (beads formula 2) coated with HPMCP HP-55 or CAP and tested by in vitro drug released. The release test performed in pH 1.2 hydrochloric acid, pH 7.4 and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. The highest drug released of tetrandrine showed in beads which coated by CAP 10%, then tested by in vivo drug targeting and the result showed that beads were found in intestinal rat.

Abstrak :
Mangiferin berperan sebagai antioksidan dan bersifat kardioprotektif, di mana jantung merupakan organ yang esensial pada kehidupan manusia. Namun, absorpsi dan bioavailabilitasnya rendah, sehingga distribusi pada organ juga rendah. Absorpsi dan distribusi obat yang rendah dapat ditingkatkan dengan menggunakan nanopartikel kitosan-alginat sebagai sistem pengirimannya. Sehingga, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan kadar mangiferin dan mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat pada organ jantung tikus. Organ jantung tersimpan dari 24 tikus jantan Sprague-Dawley dibagi ke dalam 4 kelompok, yaitu organ jantung dari tikus yang diberikan mangiferin konvensional dan diterminasi pada jam ke-3 (MK3), mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat dan diterminasi pada jam ke-3 (MNP3), mangiferin konvensional dan diterminasi pada jam ke-5,5 (MK5,5), dan mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat pada jam ke-5,5 (MNP5,5). Pemberian mangiferin dilakukan secara oral dengan dosis 50 mg/kgBB. Kadar mangiferin diukur menggunakan HPLC dan mengacu pada metode Estuningtyas. Kadar mangiferin konvensional dan mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat pada jantung tikus Sprague-Dawley di jam ke-3 berturut-turut adalah 344.80 ± 254.78 ng/g dan 412.48 ± 268.99 ng/g dengan Sig = 0.664. Kadar mangiferin konvensional dan mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat pada jantung tikus Sprague-Dawley di jam ke-5,5 berturut-turut adalah 1102.21 ± 241.25 ng/g, dan 1429.26 ± 311.45 ng/g dengan Sig = 0.069. Kadar mangiferin di jantung tikus Sprague-Dawley setelah pemberian mangiferin konvensional dan mangiferin nanopartikel kitosan-alginat tidak berbeda bermakna baik pada jam ke-3 maupun jam ke-5,5. ......Mangiferin acts as an antioxidant and has cardioprotective properties, in which the heart is an organ that is essential to human life. However, mangiferin has a very low absorption and bioavailability, thus low organ distribution. The low absorption and distribution of the drug can be increased by using chitosan-alginate nanoparticle as the delivery system. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the levels of mangiferin and mangiferin chitosan-alginate nanoparticle in Sprague-Dawley rat heart organs. The stored heart organs of 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups, which are heart organs from rats given conventional mangiferin and sacrificed after 3 hours (MK3), chitosan-alginate nanoparticle mangiferin and sacrificed after 3 hours (MNP3), conventional mangiferin and sacrificed after 5.5 hours (MK5.5), and chitosan-alginate nanoparticle mangiferin and sacrificed after 5.5 hours (MNP5.5). Mangiferin was administered orally at a dose of 50 mg/kgBW. Mangiferin levels were measured using HPLC and referred to the Estuningtyas method. The levels of conventional mangiferin and chitosan-alginate nanoparticle mangiferin in the heart of Sprague-Dawley rats after 3 hours respectively are 344.80 ± 254.78 ng/g and 412.48 ± 268.99 ng/g with Sig = 0.664. The levels of conventional mangiferin and chitosan-alginate nanoparticle mangiferin in the heart of Sprague-Dawley rats after 5,5 hours respectively are 1102.21 ± 241.25 ng/g and 1429.26 ± 311.45 ng/g with Sig = 0.069. The levels of mangiferin in the heart of Sprague-Dawley rats after 3 and 5.5 hours oral administration of conventional mangiferin and chitosan-alginate nanoparticle mangiferin are not significantly different.