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Abstrak :
This concise text is an ideal complement to the medical student curriculum and is an important text for primary care residents and physicians. It features practical information on the diagnosis, management and referral of common ocular disorders and summarizes important ophthalmic concepts, techniques and facts with annotated resources for additional information. This new edition includes updates on neuro-ophthalmology, ocular manifestations of systemic diseases, and drugs and the eye. Additional topics include eye examination, acute and chronic visual loss, the red eye, ocular and orbital injuries, and amblyopia and strabismus.

Abstrak :
Tujuan : Mengetahui prevalensi ambliopia dan sebaran faktor ambliogeniknya serta mengetahui hubungan antara faktor risiko terhadap kejadian ambliopia pada murid Sekolah Dasar Negeri (SDN) di Jakarta. Metode : Survei epidemiologi dengan disain potong lintang, dengan penggunaan kuesioner untuk menilai faktor risiko sosial ekonomi, pendidikan, pengetahuan, perilaku dan pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan dari orang tua murid. Hasil : Ambliopia didefinisikan sebagai tajam penglihatan dengan koreksi <619 yang tidak disebabkan oleh kelainan struktur bola mata maupun jalur penglihatan posterior dan didasari oleh adanya suatu faktor ambliogenik. Dari 948 murid berusia lebih atau sama dengan 6 tahun, ditemukan 26 murid dengan ambliopia (2,7%). Faktor ambliogenik pada murid SDN di Jakarta seluruhnya didasari oleh kelainan refraksi (defocused eye). Sebaran faktor ambliogenik terbanyak adalah isoametropia (69,2%), diikuti dengan anisometropia (23%) dan campuran dengan strabismus (7,8%). Faktor risiko tingkat perilaku orang tua secara bermakna mempengaruhi kejadian ambliopia (p<0,01). Faktor risiko sosial ekonomi, pendidikan, pengetahuan, perilaku dan pemanfaatan fasilitas kesehatan dari orang tua tidak terbukti secara berrnakna mempengaruhi kejadian ambliopia. Kesimpulan : Prevalensi ambliopia pada populasi murid SDN di Jakarta sesuai dengan prevalensi ambliopia anak usia sekolah di berbagai negara, namun lebih tinggi dibandingkan di negara-negara yang sudah melakukan skrining penglihatan secara rutin.

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Objectives : To elucidate the prevalence of amblyopia, ambliogenic factors distribution and the association of risk factors and amblyopia in Jakarta public elementary school children. ethods : Epidemiology survey cross sectional study. Questionnaires asking about socioeconomic status, educational level, knowledge and behavior, and utilization of health facility were sent to the parents and the results were analyzed statistically in finding the association with amblyopia. Results : Amblyopia was defined as corrected visual acuity < 619 in the affected eye not attributable to any underlying structural abnormality of the eye or visual pathway, together with the presence of an amblyogenic risk factor. Of 948 pupils, 26 were recorded to have amblyopia. The prevalence of amblyopia in Jakarta public elementary school children were 2,7%. Arnbliogenic factors in all amblyopia cases were refractive errors. The major types of amblyopia were ametropic amblyopia (69,2%), anisometropic amblyopia (23%) and mixed amblyopia with strabismus (7,8%). Parent's behavior was the only risk factor which associated statistically significant with amblyopia (p<0,01). Other risk factors such as socioeconomic status, level of parents? education, knowledge and utilization of health facility were not associated with amblyopia. Conclusions : The prevalence rate of amblyopia in this population of Jakarta public elementary school children were the same as other countries, but higher than those reported in countries who already have routine visual screening program.