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"Pada akhir tahun 2012 diperkirakan bahwa 3.3 juta pengungsi di dunia tinggal di kamp penampungan sementara. Persediaan bahan bakar masak kepada kamp-kamp sering kali mengalami kekurangan, sehingga penggungsi terpaksa untuk mendapatkan bahan bakar melalui penebangan liar pohon disekitar kamp. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk men-design system digestasi anaerobik sebagai alternatif sumber bahan bakar. Digestasi anaerobic pada temperatur tinggi (>50°C) mempunyai kecepatan reaksi lebih tinggi dengan memerlukan energi agitasi lebih kecil. Design yang di ajukan oleh penelitian ini adalah sistem digestasi anaerobik semi-batch yang dioperasikan pada temperature 55°C. Design yang diajukan di modelkan menggunakan model IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) pada temperatur operasi normal 35°C dan 55°C. Analisa Monte-Carlo juga dilakukan untuk menetukan kestabilan model terhadap perubahan feed masuk ke reaktor. Hasil model menunjukan bahwa digester yang dioperasikan pada temperature tinggi (55°C) menghasilkan produksi biogas lebih tinggi dengan volume reactor lebih kecil. Penelitian ini jika diterapkan dengan benar dapat menyediakan alternatif sumber bahan bakar bagi pengungsi di berbagai belahan dunia.

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It is estimated by year?s end of 2012 that 3.3 million refugees across the world is living in planed/managed camp. Supply of cooking fuel by aid agencies to these camps has not always meet demands and has resulted in refugees resorting to dangerous practice of deforestation. The aim of the project is to design an alternative method of producing cooking fuel to these camps by using anaerobic digestion, anaerobic digestionconducted at elevated temperatures of (>50°C) has been observed to have faster rate of fermentation while requiring less agitation. The design proposed by the project is a semi-batch anaerobic digester operated at a temperature of 55°C.

The IWA Anaerobic Digestion Model No.1 (ADM1) was used to model the behaviour of the digesters operating at both 35°C and 55°C. While using a Monte-Carlo analysis approach, to observe the digester sensitivity to varying feed inputs. The proposed design was analysed to be cost appropriate while still producing a higher yield of biogas compared to digesters operated at lower temperatures of 35°C. If applied this design could be used to provide a healthier and more sustainable source of cooking fuel for refugee camps across the world."

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ABSTRACTAnaerobic technology has become widely accepted by the environmental industry as a cost-effective alternative to the conventional aerobic process. In addition, with the intrinsic advantages of energy saving, reduced sludge yield, and production of biofuel, anaerobic process will be the favored green treatment technology for sustainable environment in years to come.Written by 40 renowned experts from 13 countries/regions, this book consists of 18 chapters compiling state-of-the-art information on new developments in various aspects of anaerobic technology. These include development of new types of reactors, uses of molecular techniques for microbial studies and mathematical modeling, productions of bio-hydrogen by fermentation and microbial electrolysis cell, as well as broadening applications to the treatment of municipal wastewater, effluents from chemical industry and agricultural wastes with high lignocellulose content. "

"Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis are two of the specific microorganisms that frequently occurs in chronic periodontitis. As protein plays an important role in bacteria's life and it's virulence factor, we tried to explore variation in P. imtermedia and P. gingivalis were identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique, and it's protein profile were evaluated using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate - Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). SDS-PAGE result showed that there were significant difference between protein profile of P. intermedia cell which isolated from shallow and deep pocket with dominant proteins of molecular weight 200 kDa, 110 kDa, 40 kDa, and 25 kDa, however, relationship between pocket depth and P. intermedia cell protein profile could not be concluded because unrepresentative number of P. intermedia colonies. In the other hand the variation in P. gingivalis cell protein profile was not influenced by pocket depth with dominant protein called hemin binding protein (HbBp)."

"Prepared for an audience of operators and technicians who are responsible for the daily operation of anaerobic digesters, The Microbiology of Anaerobic Digesters covers important issues in this field.""