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Abstrak :
Penyakit busuk pangkal batang dan busuk akar yang disebabkan oleh jamur patogen Ganoderma merupakan penyakit yang menyebabkan kerugian pada komoditas Hutan Tanaman Industri seperti Kelapa Sawit. Pertumbuhan Ganoderma dapat dikendalikan dengan menggunakan mikroba biokontrol. Bakteri kelompok actinomycetes, dari genus Streptomyces telah banyak diteliti kemampuannya untuk menghasilkan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang bersifat antibiosis. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh masa delayed antagonistic test yang diperpanjang, medium dan lama fermentasi isolat S. cellulosae terhadap Ganoderma sp. TB3 dan TB4. Uji Antagonistis dilakukan dengan penundaan inokulasi selama 9 hari. Aktivitas antifungal dari S.cellulosae diujikan menggunakan filtrat fermentasi berumur 10 dan 14 hari pada medium CSM broth dan PDB yang disterilisasi dengan autoklaf dan membrane filter. Filtrat fermentasi terpilih dengan hambatan terbaik diekstraksi dan diujikan terhadap Ganoderma sp. pada konsentrasi 5.000, 10.000, 20.000 dan 40.000 ppm menggunakan metode paper disc diffusion. Aktivitas antagonistis S.cellulosae dapat menghambat pertumbuhan Ganoderma sp. TB3 (83%) dan Ganoderma sp. TB4 (85%). Filtrat S.cellulosae menunjukkan hambatan paling optimal terhadap pertumbuhan Ganoderma sp. TB3 (94%) dan TB4 (93%) bila ditumbuhkan di medium CSM broth selama 14 hari dengan teknik sterilisasi membrane filter. Uji Antibiosis dengan ekstrak kasar mulai memperlihatkan hambatan terhadap pertumbuhan terhadap Ganoderma sp. TB3 (68%) dan TB4 (47%) pada konsentrasi 20.000 ppm. ......Basal stem rot and root rot diseases caused by pathogenic fungi Ganoderma are threatening diseases that can cause severe loss in industrial tree plantation commodities, including oil palm. The mycelial growth of Ganoderma can be managed using biological control microorganism. Bacteria from the group of Actinomycetes, namely Streptomyces has been widely researched because of their ability to produce various kinds of secondary metabolites which have antibiosis activity. This research was done to show the effect of prolonged delay antagonistic test, media and incubation period of S. cellulosae towards Ganoderma sp. TB3 and TB4. Antagonistic activity was assayed using the prolonged delay antagonistic test with a 9 days delay for Ganoderma inoculation. Antifungal activity of S.cellulosae was tested using fermentation filtrate of the isolate which had been grown for 10 and 14 days in CSM broth and PDB media by still culture method. Filtrates were sterilized using autoclave and membrane filter. The filtrate with highest inhibition activity was extracted and tested against Ganoderma at a concentration of 5.000, 10.000, 20.000 and 40.000 ppm using the paper disc diffusion method. Antagonistic activity of S.cellulosae can inhibit the growth of Ganoderma sp. TB3 (83%) and TB4 (85%). Culture filtrate from CSM broth at 14 days fermentation with membrane filter sterilization technique exhibited the maximum inhibition to Ganoderma sp. TB3 (94%) and TB4 (93%). Antibiosis assay of crude extract started to show 68% inhibition of Ganoderma sp. TB3 and 47% of Ganoderma sp. TB4 at a concentration of 20.000 ppm.

Abstrak :
Kendala yang sering dihadapi pada pertanian adalah hama tanaman yang dapat mengganggu produktivitas tanaman pangan. Pemberantasan hama sering menggunakan pestisida kimiawi yang dapat berdampak buruk pada lingkungan dan tanaman. Salah satu alternatif mengatasi permasalahan tersebut adalah dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme sebagai biokontrol bagi hama tanaman. Mikroorganisme diketahui berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol, dan aktivitas tersebut dapat diuji dengan  Antibiosis. Aktivitas antibiosis terlihat sebagai kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan suatu mikroorganisme terhadap mikroorganisme lain. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan uji antibiosis dan aktivitas enzim dari empat isolat basil Gram negatif yaitu TTM, TTO, TKL, TTH, terhadap fungi Fusarium oxysporum dan Ganoderma boninense. Keempat isolat bakteri difermentasikan dalam medium Nutrient broth (NB) selama 6, 9, dan 12 hari, pada suhu inkubasi 39oC. Uji antibiosis dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan menggunakan cylinder diffusion method. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTH dan TTM yang memiliki potensi untuk menghambat fungi Ganoderma boninense  dalam fermentasi hari ke 6,9, dan 12. Hasil uji aktivitas enzim menunjukkan bahwa hanya isolat TTO yang memiliki aktivitas kitinolitik. ......One of the common challenges in agriculture is the presence of plant pests that can disrupt the productivity of food crops. Pest control often relies on the use of chemical pesticides, which can have negative impacts on the environment and plants. One alternative to address this issue is the utilization of microorganisms as biocontrol agents for plant pests. Microorganisms are known to have the potential as biocontrol agents, and this activity can be tested through antibiosis. Antibiosis activity is observed as the ability to inhibit the growth of one microorganism by another. In this study, antibiosis and enzyme activity tests were conducted on four isolates of Gram-negative bacteria, namely TTM, TTO, TKL, and TTH, against the fungi Fusarium oxysporum and Ganoderma boninense. The four bacterial isolates were fermented in Nutrient Broth (NB) medium for 6, 9, and 12 days at an incubation temperature of 39°C. The antibiosis test was qualitatively performed using the cylinder diffusion method. The results of the antibiosis test showed that only the TTH and TTM isolates had the potential to inhibit the Ganoderma boninense fungi during the 6th, 9th, and 12th days of fermentation. The enzyme activity test results indicated that only the TTO isolate exhibited chitinolytic activity.

Abstrak :
Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai aktivitas antagonistis 52 isolat actinomycetes terhadap 2 isolat Ganoderma TB3 dan TB4. Isolat actinomycetes tersebut berasal dari pesisir Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Isolat Ganoderma berasal dari hutan kota Wales Timur serta kawasan hijau seberang Stadion Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Penapisan aktivitas antagonistis dilakukan dengan metode plug dan metode cross streak. Hasil penapisan diperoleh satu isolat actinomycetes SM 12 yang menghambat pertumbuhan kedua isolat Ganoderma. Uji lanjutan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibiosis isolat SM 12 dilakukan dengan mencampurkan filtrat medium pertumbuhan SM 12 terhadap medium pertumbuhan Ganoderma TB3 dan TB4. Uji filtrat medium pertumbuhan pada hari ke-13 dan hari ke-16 inkubasi menunjukkan penghambatan pertumbuhan Ganoderma TB3 dan TB4. Sementara itu, aktivitas antagonistis dalam medium serbuk gergaji (bag log) tidak menunjukkan adanya hambatan pertumbuhan GanodermaTB3 dan TB4. ...... Research about antagonistic activity of 52 isolates of actinomycetes against 2 isolates of Ganoderma TB3 and TB4 has been carried out. These actinomycetes were obtained from the of Pramuka Island Coast, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta. Ganoderma isolates were obtained from Hutan Kota Wales Timur and green areas opposite Stadion Universitas Indonesia, Depok. Screening of antagonistic activity was carried out by plug method and cross streak method. The results of screening showed one actinomycetes isolate, SM 12, which able to inhibit two Ganoderma isolates. Further test to determine the antibiosis activity of SM 12 was carried out by mixing the growth filtrate of SM 12 on the growth media of Ganoderma TB3 and TB4. The test of the growth filtrate after 13 and 16 days of incubation showed inhibition of the growth of Ganoderma TB3 and TB4. Meanwhile, the antagonistic activity test on the sawdust media (bag log) did not show any inhibition of the growth of Ganoderma TB3 and TB4.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian tentang potensi antagonis bakteri Gram-positif Bacillus siamensis LDR terhadap pertumbuhan 2 isolat Asp. niger ABP dan ART memiliki selesai. Uji antagonis dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kultur ganda yang berbeda, yaitu: kultur cakram ganda dan kultur piring tuang. Hasil pengujian pada metode kultur cakram ganda menunjukkan bahwa B. siamensis LDR mampu menghambat pertumbuhan diameter Asp. niger ART (44,83%) dan ABP (39,95%). Sedangkan pada metode pelat tuang, kultur, B. siamensis LDR mampu menghambat pertumbuhan Asp. niger ART (87,98%) dan ABP (92,43%). Fermentasi senyawa antijamur dari B. siamensis telah dilakukan dengan metode fermentasi menggunakan media Potato Dextrose Broth untuk inkubasi 10, 12 dan 14 hari. Filtrat hasil fermentasi digunakan sebagai pelarut untuk medium medium PDA dan PDB dalam uji antibiotik. Uji antibiotik menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas terbesar diperoleh dari filtrat fermentasi 14 hari. Hasil pengujian pada media PDA berdasarkan diameter pertumbuhan koloni menunjukkan terhambatnya pertumbuhan Asp. niger ART (74,53%) dan ABP (62,13%). Sedangkan penghambatan pertumbuhan pada medium PDB yang ditentukan berdasarkan produksi biomassa menunjukkan penurunan sebesar 79,80% pada Asp. niger ART dan 51,22% pada Asp. niger ABP versus kontrol. Uji antibiosis dengan metode difusi cakram pada waktu inkubasi media fermentasi hari ke 14 juga selesai. Hasil pengujian pada metode difusi cakram menunjukkan bahwa penghambatan pertumbuhan Asp. niger ART dan ABP pada konsentrasi 2.500 ppm hingga 20.000 ppm.
ABSTRACT
Research on the potential antagonist of Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus siamensis LDR to the growth of 2 isolates of Asp. niger ABP and ART have finished. The antagonist test was carried out using different multiple culture methods, namely: double disc culture and pour plate culture. The test results on the double disc culture method showed that B. siamensis LDR was able to inhibit the growth of Asp diameter. niger ART (44.83%) and ABP (39.95%). While in the pour plate method, culture, B. siamensis LDR was able to inhibit the growth of Asp. niger ART (87.98%) and ABP (92.43%). Fermentation of antifungal compounds from B. siamensis has been carried out by fermentation method using Potato Dextrose Broth media for incubation 10, 12 and 14 days. The fermented filtrate was used as a solvent for PDA and PDB medium in the antibiotic test. Antibiotic tests show that the greatest effectiveness obtained from 14 days fermentation filtrate. The test results on PDA media based on the diameter of the colony growth showed inhibition of Asp growth. niger ART (74.53%) and ABP (62.13%). Meanwhile, the inhibition of growth in the GDP medium which was determined based on biomass production showed a decrease of 79.80% in Asp. niger ART and 51.22% on Asp. niger ABP versus control. Antibiosis test using the disc diffusion method at the incubation time of the 14th day of fermentation media was also completed. The test results on the disc diffusion method showed that the inhibition of the growth of Asp. niger ART and ABP at a concentration of 2,500 ppm up to 20,000 ppm.

Abstrak :
Isolat-isolat actinomycetes laut dari ekosistem bakau Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta dilaporkan dapat menghasilkan senyawa bioaktif dengan aktivitas sebagai antibakteri dan antifungi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyeleksi isolat-isolat actinomycetes laut yang berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol berdasarkan aktivitas antagonistik terhadap fungi patogen tanaman Colletotrichum siamense KA, mengevaluasi aktivitas senyawa antifungi, dan menelaah profil isolat actinomycetes laut terpilih. Penapisan isolat dilakukan dengan metode plug dengan penundaan uji hingga 9 hari pada medium Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) modifikasi. Hasil penapisan diperoleh 12 isolat actinomyctes laut mampu menghambat pertumbuhan C. siamense KA, dengan persentase hambatan berkisar antara 47,96% hingga 84,94%. Enam dari 12 isolat diuji aktivitas antagonistik menggunakan metode plug dan gores dengan variasi penundaan uji (6, 9, dan 12 hari). Hasil uji aktivitas antagonistik menunjukkan penundaan uji hingga 12 hari memiliki persentase hambatan pertumbuhan tertinggi hingga 84,16% (metode plug) dan 85,91% (metode gores). Uji antagonistik dengan penundaan (3 dan 5 hari) serta tanpa penundaan menggunakan metode plug menunjukkan dua isolat (SM11 dan SM15) memiliki peningkatan persentase hambatan pertumbuhan hingga 57,99% (SM11) dan 59,88% (SM15). Aktivitas antifungi tiga isolat actinomycetes laut terpilih (SM11, SM14, dan SM15) diuji menggunakan uji antibiosis pada medium Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) modifikasi. Fermentasi untuk memproduksi senyawa antifungi dilakukan selama 6, 9, dan 12 hari. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan isolat SM14 memiliki aktivitas antifungi tertinggi pada hari ke-12 dengan persentase hambatan 64,90%. Tiga isolat actinomycetes laut terpilih memiliki karakter morfologi dan biokimia yang serupa. Identifikasi molekular ketiga isolat tersebut menunjukkan hubungan dekat dengan Streptomyces sanyensis dengan persentase kemiripan hingga 99,66%. ...... Marine actinomycetes isolates from mangrove ecosystem Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta have been reported produce bioactive compound with antibacterial and antifungal activity. The aims of this research were to select potential marine actinomycetes isolates as biocontrol agent based on antagonistic activity against fungal phytopathogen Colletotrichum siamense KA, evaluate antifungal activity, and analyze profile of selected marine actinomycetes isolates. Screening of isolates was performed using plug method with delayed antagonist assay for 9 days on modified Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. The result of screening displayed that 12 marine actinomycetes isolates can inhibit the growth of C. siamense KA, with percentage inhibition from 47.96% to 84.94%. Among 12 isolates, six isolates have been subjected for antagonistic assay using plug and streak method with various delayed assay (6, 9, and 12 days). The result presented delayed antagonist assay until 12 days has higher percentage inhibition up to 84.16% (plug method) and 85.91% (streak method). The antagonistic assay using delayed assay (3 and 5 days) and non-delayed assay using plug method presented two isolates (SM11 and SM15) showed increasing percentage inhibition up to 57.99% (SM11) and 59.88% (SM15). Antifungal activity of selected isolates (SM11, SM14, and SM15) was assayed using antibiosis assay in modified Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) medium. Fermentation for producing antifungal compound was performed for 6, 9, and 12 days. The result of antibiosis assay showed SM14 isolate has higher antifungal activity at 12 days incubation with percentage inhibition was 64.90%. The three marine actinomycetes isolates have similar morphological and biochemical characters. Molecular identification of three isolates showed that the isolates were closely related to Streptomyces sanyensis with 99.66% percent similarity.

Abstrak :
Berbagai masalah muncul dalam makanan dan produk pertanian yang tercemar dengan cetakan Aspergillus niger. Pertumbuhan A. niger dapat dikelola dengan metode biokontrol menggunakan senyawa antijamur yang dihasilkan melalui proses fermentasi. Komposisi nutrisi merupakan faktor penting dalam proses fermentasi. Penelitian telah dilakukan terhadap produksi senyawa antijamur dari Bacillus siamensis LDR melawan dua galur A. niger ABP dan ART. Modifikasi media Czapek-Dox dengan Sumber karbon pati beras, sukrosa dan ekstrak ragi digunakan sebagai sumber karbon media fermentasi. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 10, 12, dan 14 hari dengan metode diam budaya. Uji antibiotik dilakukan dengan menggunakan filtrat fermentasi sebagai pelarut internal PDB dan PDA sedang. Hasil pengujian diukur berdasarkan biomassa pada medium cair PDB, dan diameter pertumbuhan dalam media padat PDA dari A. niger ABP dan ART. Uji Filtrat pertumbuhan antibiosis B. siamensis LDR terhadap A. niger menunjukkan ABP efektivitas tertinggi pada hari ke-10 fermentasi dengan penurunan biomassa hingga 99,20% dan penghambatan pertumbuhan diameter mencapai 83,25%. Efektivitas tertinggi terhadap A. niger ART pada hari ke-12 fermentasi dengan penurunan biomassa hingga 89,62% dan diameter penghambatan pertumbuhan mencapai 87,95%. Tes antibiotik juga dilakukan dengan metode difusi ekstrak kasar senyawa antijamur dari media fermentasi pada hari ke 12. Media diekstraksi dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan etil asetat. Uji antibiotik dengan ekstrak kasar dilakukan pada konsentrasi 2.500, 5.000, 10.000, dan 20.000 ppm. Secara kualitatif, ekstrak kasar bersifat antijamur menunjukkan penghambatan pertumbuhan terhadap A. niger ABP dan HAART pada konsentrasi 2.500 ppm. ......Problems arose in food and agricultural products tainted with Aspergillus niger molds. A. niger growth can be managed by biocontrol methods using antifungal compounds produced through the fermentation process. The nutritional composition is an important factor in the fermentation process. Research has been conducted on the production of an antifungal compound from Bacillus siamensis LDR against two A. niger ABP strains and ART. Modification of Czapek-Dox media with carbon sources of rice starch, sucrose and yeast extract were used as carbon sources in the fermentation medium. Fermentation was carried out for 10, 12, and 14 days with culture still method. Antibiotic test was carried out using fermentation filtrate as internal solvent of medium PDB and PDA. The test results were measured based on biomass in PDB liquid medium, and growth diameter in PDA solid media from A. niger ABP and ART. Test The antibiosis growth filtrate of B. siamensis LDR against A. niger showed the highest ABP effectiveness on the 10th day of fermentation with a decrease in biomass up to 99.20% and inhibition of diameter growth reaching 83.25%. Highest effectiveness against A. niger ART on the 12th day of fermentation with a decrease in biomass up to 89.62% and the diameter of growth inhibition reaching 87.95%. Antibiotic tests were also carried out by diffusion method of crude extract of antifungal compounds from the fermentation medium on day 12. The media was extracted by the liquid-liquid extraction method using ethyl acetate. Antibiotic assays with crude extracts were carried out at concentrations of 2,500, 5,000, 10,000, and 20,000 ppm. Qualitatively, the crude extract was antifungal and showed growth inhibition against A. niger ABP and HAART at a concentration of 2,500 ppm.

Abstrak :
Pertanian merupakan salah satu sektor utama yang berperan dalam perkembangan ekonomi Indonesia. Produktivitas pertanian dan ketahanan pangan berkaitan erat dengan kondisi kesehatan tanaman. Salah satu patogen penginfeksi tanaman adalah fungi. Pengendali hayati atau biokontrol merupakan teknik pengendalian menggunakan aktivitas metabolisme agen hayati seperti bakteri untuk mengendalikan patogen tanaman. Penelitian terdahulu berhasil mengisolasi bakteri saluran pencernaan black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) dan diketahui mampu mendukung pertumbuhan tanaman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan 10 isolat bakteri saluran pencernaan BSFL terhadap 4 fungi patogen tanaman, yaitu Ganoderma boninense, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum siamense KA, dan Curvularia lunata BM. Pengujian aktivitas antifungi isolat bakteri dilakukan melalui uji aktivitas antagonistik dan uji aktivitas antibiosis yang dilanjutkan dengan uji aktivitas enzim ekstraseluler isolat potensial. Uji aktivitas antagonistik menggunakan metode dual culture secara kualitatif dan semi-kuantitatif. Uji aktivitas antibiosis menggunakan filtrat medium fermentasi berusia 5 hari yang dicampur dengan bubuk medium potato dextrose agar. Uji aktivitas enzim ekstraseluler isolat potensial meliputi uji enzim protease, lipase, amilase, kitinase, dan selulase menggunakan medium selektif. Hasil uji aktivitas antagonistik menunjukkan 4 dari 10 isolat bakteri saluran pencernaan BSFL, yaitu G7, G17, G20, G21 mampu menghambat pertumbuhan keempat fungi uji. Hasil uji aktivitas antibiosis menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas terbesar diperoleh dari filtrat medium fermentasi isolat G17 dalam menghambat pertumbuhan fungi Ganoderma boninense dengan persentase hambatan sebesar 85,56% – 91,98%. Hasil uji aktivitas enzim menunjukkan isolat G17 memiliki aktivitas enzim ektraseluler protease, lipase, dan kitinase. Isolat G17 teridentifikasi sebagai Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. ......Agriculture is one of the main sectors that play a role in Indonesia's economic development. Agricultural productivity and food security are closely related to plant health conditions. One of the plant infecting pathogens is a fungus. Biological control or biocontrol is a control technique using the metabolic activity of biological agents such as bacteria to control plant pathogens. Previous studies have succeeded in isolating black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) gut bacteria and are known to be able to support plant growth. This study aims to determine the ability of 10 bacterial isolates from BSFL gut against 4 plant pathogenic fungi, namely Ganoderma boninense, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum siamense KA, and Curvularia lunata BM. Antifungal activity assay of bacterial isolates was carried out through antagonistic activity assay and antibiosis activity assay followed by potential isolates extracellular enzyme activity assay. The antagonistic activity assay used the dual culture method qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. The antibiosis activity assay used 5 days old fermented medium filtrate mixed with potato dextrose agar medium powder. The extracellular enzyme activity assay of potential isolates included protease, lipase, amylase, chitinase, and cellulase enzyme assay using selective media. The results of the antagonistic activity assay showed that 4 out of 10 BSFL digestive tract bacterial isolates namely G7, G17, G20, G21 were able to inhibit the growth of the four tested fungi. The results of the antibiosis activity assay showed that the greatest effectiveness was obtained from the fermented medium filtrate of isolate G17 in inhibiting the growth of the Ganoderma boninense fungus with an inhibition percentage of 85.56% – 91.98%. The results of the enzyme activity assay showed that isolate G17 had extracellular enzyme activity of protease, lipase, and chitinase. Isolate G17 was identified as Stenotrophomonas maltophilia.