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Tesis ini mengkaji mengenai: (i) unsur tipu muslihat yang berdasarkan Pasal 70 UU Nomor 30 Tahun 1999 Tentang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa adalah sebagai salah satu unsur pembatal putusan arbitrase serta bagaimana pembatalannya; dan (ii) pendapat hakim mengenai penerapan Pasal 70 UU Arbitrase yang mekanisme pembatalannya tidak secara lengkap diatur dalam UU Arbitrase. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis normatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa UU Arbitrase belum mengatur dengan lengkap dan jelas mengenai bagaimana pelaksanaan pembatalan putusan arbitrase utamanya yang disebabkan oleh adanya tindakan tipu muslihat dari salah satu pihak yang bersengketa dalam forum arbitrase. Mahkamah Agung berpendapat unsur tipu muslihat tidak harus dibuktikan dengan suatu putusan pidana berkekuatan hukum tetap terlebih dahulu seperti yang teridentifikasi dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 425 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2016, Putusan Nomor 807 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2016. Mahkamah Agung dalam putusan lain berpendapat bahwa unsur tipu muslihat harus dapat dibuktikan dalam sebuah putusan pidana berkekuatan hukum tetap agar keadilan serta kepastian hukum dapat terus terjaga seperti tercantum dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 480 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2017. Mahkamah Agung belum dapat menggali hukum yang sesuai untuk pembatalan putusan arbitrase karena unsur tipu muslihat.

 

 

 

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This thesis research examines: (i) elements of deception based on Article 70 of the Arbitration Law and Alternative Dispute Resolution as one of the elements of revocation of the arbitration award and how it is revocated; and (ii) the opinion of the judge regarding the application of Article 70 of the Arbitration Law which the mechanism for arbitral award revocation is not completely regulated in the Arbitration Law. The research method used in this study is normative juridical research, namely research on the principles of law, legal systematics, the degree of legal synchronization and research on legal history through a legal approach and a number of judges’ decisions related to the revocation of the award. The results of the study indicate that the Arbitration Law has not yet provided a complete and clear explanation of how the revocation of the main arbitration award was caused by the deception of one of the parties to the dispute in the arbitration forum. The Supreme Court argue that the element of deception does not have to be proven by a criminal decision with permanent legal force as identified in the Decision of the Supreme Court Number 425 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2016, Decision Number 807 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2016. Other judges argue that the element of deception must be proven in a criminal decision with a permanent legal force so that justice and legal certainty can be maintained as stated in the Decision of the Supreme Court Number 480 B/Pdt.Sus-Arbt/2017. The Supreme Court has not been able to dig up the appropriate law for the revocation of the arbitral award caused by element of deception.

 

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"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, lembaga arbitrase internasional telah memberikan perhatian dan upaya yang lebih besar untuk meningkatkan jumlah arbiter perempuan. Tesis ini menguraikan dua permasalahan utama; dampak arbiter perempuan terhadap putusan arbitrase dan pentingnya Indonesia mengeluarkan kebijakan khusus bagi arbiter perempuan. Skripsi ini merupakan metode doktrinal dengan data primer yang digunakan sebagai data sekunder. Untuk memperkuat data yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan, penelitian ini juga melakukan wawancara terhadap arbiter dan akademisi baik laki-laki maupun perempuan. Tesis ini menyimpulkan bahwa arbiter perempuan mempunyai dampak positif terhadap pengambilan keputusan yang lebih baik selama penunjukan dan proses arbitrase. Selain itu, hal ini akan menghasilkan putusan arbitrase yang berkualitas tinggi. Berdasarkan kesimpulan tersebut, penting bagi Indonesia untuk mengeluarkan kebijakan khusus bagi arbiter perempuan. Saat ini, terdapat arbiter perempuan yang berkualifikasi tinggi di Indonesia. Namun demikian, tidak ada jaminan bahwa mereka akan dapat ditunjuk dalam penunjukan dan proses arbitrase. Dalam UU Nomor 19 Tahun erakhir Nomor 3 Tahun 2023 tidak ada pengaturan mengenai penunjukan arbiter perempuan. Selain itu, jumlah perempuan yang tertarik mengikuti pelatihan, lokakarya, dan praktik sebagai arbiter semakin meningkat. Dengan demikian, akan semakin banyak arbiter perempuan yang membutuhkan kesempatan untuk dipilih menjadi arbiter karena lembaga arbitrase Indonesia belum mengangkat isu penunjukan arbiter perempuan, program dan inisiatif peningkatan jumlah arbiter perempuan yang diangkat

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In recent years, international arbitration institutions have given greater attention and effort to increase female arbitrators. This thesis elaborates on two main issues; the impact of female arbitrators on the arbitral awards and the importance of Indonesia to issue a specific policy for female arbitrators. This thesis is a doctrinal method with the primary data used as secondary data. To strengthen the data obtained by library research, this research also conducts interviews with male and female arbitrators and academics. This thesis concludes that female arbitrators have a positive impact on better decision-making during arbitration appointments and proceedings. Furthermore, it will result in a high-quality arbitral award. According to the conclusions, it is important for Indonesia to issue a specific policy for female arbitrators. Recently, there have been highly qualified female arbitrators in Indonesia. However, there is no guarantee that they will be able to be appointed in the arbitration appointment and proceedings. In Law No. 19 year 1999 and the latest Supreme Court Regulation No. 3 year 2023 there will be no regulations regarding appointing female arbitrators.  Moreover, the number of women interested in training, workshops, and practicing as arbitrators is increasing. Consequently, there will be more female arbitrators who need opportunities to be selected as arbitrators since the Indonesian arbitration institution has yet to raise the issue of appointing female arbitrators, programs, and initiatives to increase the number of female arbitrators appointed."

"This article discusses whether international law may be applied as lex causae by arbitral body. The international instruments used as comparative study are the Model Arbitration Law 1985, UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, the ICC Rules of Arbitration, the ICSID Convention and the Indonesian National Law on Arbitration. The article suggests that although international law seems inappropriate to deal with commercial mailers, in certain circumstances, it is possible"

"Indonesia has been being a member of the 1958 New York Convention since 1981, namely upon issuance of the Presidential Decree No. 34 of 1981. Priori to talkiing intó force of the Regulation of the Supreme Court of the Republic Indonesìa No. 1 of .1990 on Procedures for EnforcemenL of Foreign Arbit awards, there were still constrâints lor the foreign Business plâyers in terìr enforcement of arbitral awards in lndonesia, The Supreme Court âs the higest judicial institution in lndonesia holds that internationâl arbitral awards can not be enforced ill lndonesja. After the Indonesian Supreme Court has issued such a regulation, enforcement of international arbitral awards in Indonesia began to be enforceable, because the procedural law that governs the for execution of arbitral awards has been clear ln order to regulâte the international arbitral award problems in the hjerarchy of legislation, on October 12, 1999, the Law on Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution was promulgated. In that Law there is a special part discussing the International Arbitration. This study Examines the development of international arbitral award enforcement in lndonesia before Indonesia becoming member of the .1958 New York Convention, until nowâdays, by analyzing the international arbitral awards that were decìded by the Supreme Court of the Republic of lndonesia after the coming into effect of the Arbitration Law."

"Skripsi ini pada dasarnya membahas mengenai cara dan dasar pembatalan putusan arbitrase antar negara. Dalam mekanisme arbitrase, terutama arbitrase antar negara (interstate arbitration) masih terdapat berbagai ketidakjelasan, salah satunya adalah tidak terdapat kepastian mengenai bagaimana prosedur pembatalan putusan arbitrase tersebut, dan dasar apa saja yang dapat digunakan untuk membatalkan putusan arbitrase tersebut. Penelitian yang dilakukan Penulis ini berujung pada suatu hasil bahwa sejatinya suatu putusan arbitrase antar negara dapat dibatalkan, dimana disaat para pihak memiliki persetujuan untuk menunjuk badan ketiga untuk melakukan proses pembatalan, dan pada prakteknya badan ketiga tersebut adalah International Court of Justice/Mahkamah Internasional, dimana ICJ sendiri pernah menangani dua kasus pembatalan putusan arbitrase internasional, yaitu antara negara Guinea-Bissau dan Senegal, serta antara negara Honduras dan Nicaragua. Dasar yan dapat digunakan untuk membatalkan putusan arbitrase antar negara pun bervariasi, dimulai dari saat majelis arbitrase melampaui kewenangannya dalam menangani suatu perkara hingga disaat majelis arbitrase tidak memberikan alasan yang lengkap dalam memutus suatu perkara. Berdasarkan analisa dari penulis, dasar pembatalan tersebut bukanlah merupakan suatu hard law dimana berasal dari suatu konvensi internasional, namun dapat dikatakan sebagai huku kebiasaan internasional, dimana dasar-dasar pembatalan putusan tersebut telah diakui secara umum oleh berbagai negara dalam prakteknya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan melakukan tinjauan pustaka ke berbagai literature terkait dan juga putusan-putusan mahkamah internasional serta putusan-putusan badan arbitrase internasional. Saran Penulis terkait dengan isu ini adalah bahwa ada baiknya jika dasar pembatalan putusan arbitrase yang telah marak digunakan ini dicantumkan dalam suatu konvensi internasional, agar tidak terjadi ketidakjelasan mengenai status hukum dari dasar pembatalan tersebut.

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This thesis discusses on how to and what are the grounds to annul an interstate arbitral award. In interstate arbitration, there are still a lot of ambiguity on how to annul an interstate arbitral award, and what grounds that could be used to annul such award.This research leads to the conclusion that it is possible to annul an interstate arbitral award as long as the parties have appointed a third body with such authority, one of which is the International Court of Justice. In fact, ICJ has handled two cases of annulment of interstate arbitral award, between Guinea Bissau and Senegal, and between Honduras and Nicaragua. The grounds in annulling an interstate arbitral award also varies, for example, when the arbitral panel exceeds its power, or when the arbitral panel did not provide sufficient reasoning in relation to the decision. Based on author rsquo s analysis, such grounds could only be referred as a customary international law, and not as a hard law.This research is conducted by reviewing various literature and book as well as International Court of Justice rsquo s decisions and international arbitration rulings. The Authors suggest that it is necessary for an international convention to compile the existing annulment grounds that has been rampantly used by various countries to avoid ambiguity about the legal status of such annulment grounds. "

"Forum Arbitrase merupakkan forum penyelesaian sengketa yang acapkali dipilih oleh para pihak untuk menyelesaikan sengketa perjanjian perdagangan karena alasan-alasan efektivitas dan biayanya yang murah. Namun dengan perkembangan perekonomian dunia yang diiringi dengan kebebasan para pihak dalam hal menerapkan Pilihan Forum, hasil penyelesaian sengketa demikian berpotensi untuk mengandung unsur-unsur asing sebagai akibat dari para pihak yang tunduk pada sistem hukum yang berbeda, terletak pada wilayah hukum yang berbeda, dan/atau bahkan memilih forum Arbitrase asing yang tunduk pada ketentuan hukum yang berlainan dari pihak dalam perjanjian perdagangan tersebut. Kemudian dalam keberlakuannya, putusan Arbitrase dapat dimintakan permohonan pembatalannya ke pengadilan negeri. Meskipun demikian, Indonesia yang memiliki ketentuan hukum Arbitrase nya sendiri, yakni UU No, 30 Tahun 1999 tentang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa (UUAAPS), serta negara anggota New York Convention on The Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (Konvensi New York 1958), menjadi subjek terhadap dua ketentuan pembatalan putusan Arbitrase yang berbeda. Dalam pengaturannya, ketentuan pembatalan UUAAPS hanya dapat berlaku bagi putusan Arbitrase nasional, sedangkan Konvensi New York 1958 berlaku bagi Putusan Arbitrase Internasional. Kendati demikian, suatu putusan Arbitrase dapat mengandung unsur asing, dan hal ini seringkali mengundang interpretasi yang turut berpengaruh pada penerapan UUAAPS dan Konvensi New York 1958. Kenyataan ini merupakan salah satu ruang lingkup kajian Hukum Perdata Internasional karena dalam hal penentuan kewenangan oleh pengadilan negeri dalam perkara pembatalan putusan Arbitrase yang mengandung unsur asing, timbul pertanyaan “Pengadilan negara manakah yang berwenang untuk mengadili pembatalan putusan Arbitrase yang mengandung unsur asing tersebut?” Melalui penelitian yuridis-normatif, skripsi ini akan menganalisis praktik kewenangan mengadili oleh pengadilan negeri di Indonesia sehubungan dengan penerapan pasal-pasal pembatalan Arbitrase yang ada

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As one of the dispute resolution forums, arbitration, is often chosen by the parties to resolve commercial agreement disputes due to its effectiveness and cost efficiency. However, as the world’s economy develops, accompanied by the freedom in implementing the choice of forum, the results of such dispute resolution potentially contain foreign elements due to the parties being subject to different legal systems, being located in different jurisdictions, and/or even choosing a foreign arbitration which has different legal system from the parties involved in the commercial agreement. Notwithstanding aforementioned explanation, arbitration award can be requested for its annulment to the district court. Nevertheless, Indonesia with its own Law No. 30 of 1999 on Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution (Arbitration Law), while also participating as the member states of the New York Convention on The Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 1958 (New York Convention 1958), is subject to two different provisions for arbitral award annulment. For example, the provisions for the arbitral award annulment in UUAAPS is only applicable for national arbitral award, while the annulment provision in New York Convention 1958 applies to foreign arbitral award. However, an arbitral award may contain foreign elements, which often results in different interpretations in its implementation and influences the application of the Arbitration Law and the New York Convention 1958. This event falls within the scope of Private International Law’s studies because it raises the question of "Which district court has the authority to adjudicate the annulment of arbitral awards containing the foreign elements?" Through normative-juridical research, this undergraduate thesis will analyse the practice of Indonesian district court’s authority in adjudicating the annulment of said arbitral award in relation to the application of existing arbitration annulment regulations."

"Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif atau penelitian doktrinal dengan bahan hukum yang diperoleh dari studi pustaka meliputi bahan hukum primer yang terdiri dari peraturan perundang-undangan, dan bahan hukum sekunder yang terdiri dari literatur-literatur yang memberikan penjelasan mengenai bahan hukum primer. Yang menjadi permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah apa saja upaya hukum pasca Putusan Arbitrase, dan bagaimana pengaturan upaya hukum pasca Putusan Arbitrase dalam Undang-Undang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa? Dalam proses penyelesaian sengketa melalui arbitrase, sebagaimana lazim dikenal dalam lembaga peradilan, pemeriksaan sengketa akan berujung pada sebuah putusan. Setelah putusan dibuat dan diucapkan, pihak yang dikalahkan, apabila tidak puas, memiliki beberapa macam alternatif upaya hukum terhadap Putusan Arbitrase tersebut. Sebagai hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa Undang-Undang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa membolehkan para pihak yang tidak puas terhadap Putusan Arbitrase tersebut untuk melakukan upaya hukum melalui Majelis Arbitrase bersangkutan atau melalui pengadilan. Upaya hukum melalui Majelis Arbitrase bersangkutan meliputi Permohonan Koreksi Putusan Arbitrase dan Permohonan Penambahan atau Pengurangan Putusan Arbitrase yang diatur secara singkat dalam Pasal 58 Undang-Undang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa. Upaya hukum berupa Permohonan Penolakan Pengakuan dan Pelaksanaan Putusan Arbitrase Internasional diatur dalam Pasal V Ayat (I) dan (2) Konvensi New York 1958. Sedangkan, upaya hukum berupa Pembatalan Putusan Arbitrase diatur dalam Pasal 70, Pasal 71, Pasal 71 Undang-Undang Arbitrase dan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa memberikan pengaturan alasan- alasan serta tata cara untuk melakukan Pembatalan Putusan Arbitrase.

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This research is using normative law research method or doctrinal research method and law material from general surveying which contain primary law material that consist of law regulation and secondary law material that consist of literatures that gives explanation about primary law material. The problems in this research are what kind of legal attempt after issuing arbitral award, and how the arbitration and alternative dispute settlement law regulate the legal attempt after issuing arbitral award. In the process of dispute settlement through arbitration, as known in the court, dispute examination will end in a final decision. After arbitral rendered the award, the losses party, if not satisfied, has some alternative legal attempt toward that arbitral award. As result of research can be concluded that the arbitration and alternative dispute settlement law permitted the unsatisfied party to challenge that arbitral award before the arbitral panel or the court. Legal attempt before arbitral panel consist of correction of the award and additional or reduction of the award which regulated in chapter 58 of the arbitration and alternative dispute settlement law. The refusal request of recognition and enforcement international arbitral award regulated in chapter V New York 1958 convention. Whereas , the legal attempt to set aside the arbitral award regulated in chapter 70, 71. and 72 of arbitration and alternative dispute settlement law that gives reasons and procedures to set aside Arbitral award."

"Badan Usaha Milik Negara (BUMN) merupakan pelaku ekonomi yang vital bagi negara karena menarik banyak investor asing untuk berbisnis di suatu negara. Meskipun dianggap sebagai entitas yang terpisah dari negara, fakta bahwa BUMN itu sepenuhnya atau mayoritas dimiliki oleh negara dan hubungannya yang erat dengannya membuat mereka menjadi entitas yang kompleks untuk dihadapi. Mengingat besarnya kendali, pengaruh, dan ketergantungan yang mungkin dimiliki suatu negara terhadap BUMN, hal itu mungkin menjadi penyebab banyak sengketa atau dugaan wanprestasi dengan banyak investor asing. Ini kemudian dibawa ke arbitrase di International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). Dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor ini, banyak investor yang membawa perselisihan ke ICSID mengaitkan dugaan pelanggaran tersebut dengan pemerintah masing-masing negara bagian yang mereka anggap bertanggung jawab. Penelitian ini akan menjelaskan tentang pentingnya atribusi dan bagaimana masing-masing majelis arbitrase memiliki metode yang berbeda untuk mencapai kesimpulan dari mengatribusikan tanggung jawab pemerintah ketika BUMN terlibat dan dampaknya secara keseluruhan terhadap para pihak yang bersengketa dalam hal substansi, prosedur dan biaya keseluruhan untuk mereka

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State-owned Enterprises (SOEs) are vital economic actors to states as it attracts many foreign investors to do business in a certain country. Though considered a separate entity from the state, the fact that it is wholly or majority owned by the state and its close relationship with it makes them a complex entity to deal with. Considering the amount of control, influence and dependence a state might have on the SOE, it may be the cause of many disputes or alleged breaches of contract with many of the foreign investors. This is then brought to arbitration in the International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID). With these factors in mind, many of the investors who bring a dispute to ICSID attribute the alleged breach to the State’s respective governments as they deem them responsible. This research will explain the importance of attribution and how individual arbitral tribunals have different methods to reach the conclusion of attributing government responsibility when SOEs are involved and its overall impacts it has on the parties involved in the dispute in terms of substance, procedure and overall costs for them"

"Tesis ini membahas penggunaan Ketertiban Umum (Public Policy) untuk membatalkan putusan arbitrase asing yang diatur di dalam Pasal V (2) Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award 1958. Pelaksanaan putusan arbitrase merupakan hal krusial karena eksekusi putusan merupakan esensi diadakannya arbitrase. Tiap-tiap negara memberlakukan Ketertiban Umum (Public Policy) secara berbeda, termasuk Indonesia yang belum memiliki konsensus melihat lingkup Ketertiban Umum (Public Policy). Antara Pengadilan Negeri dan Mahkamah Agung memiliki konsepsi berbeda mengenai Ketertiban Umum (Public Policy) Indonesia. Hal ini menjadi sebuah problema dimana pihak yang dikalahkan menggunakan alasan Ketertiban Umum (Public Policy) untuk menunda atau membatalkan eksekusi putusan.

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This thesis is aimed to prescribe the practice of using Public Policy doctrine to annul foreign arbitral awards as were allowed under Article V (2) of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Award 1958. The enforcement of an award is crucial and essential to arbitration proceedings. Different states will treat Public Policy differently, including Indonesia whom has yet to reach a consensus in defining what Public Policy should be used in foreign arbitration award enforcement. There are still discrepancy between Indonesian District Court and Supreme Court on the matter of what constitutes as Indonesian Public Policy. These discrepancies created a gaping loophole which are exploited by the party (parties) to delay or to annul the enforcements of the foreign arbitration award. "