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"Dalam penelitian kami tentang studi availabilitas biodegradasi senyawa PAH oleh bakteri laut, secara garis besar dapat diketahui bahwa pada dasarnya lingkungan laut Indonesia yang tercemar minyak telah menyediakan bakteri pelaku remediasi secara alamiah. Hal ini terbukti dari data skrining yang dilakukan dari ke-empat titik lokasi sampling, (Pel. Tanjung Mas Semarang, Pel. Tanjung Priok, Kumai Kal Sel dan Balikpapan) hanya dari Tanjung Priok yang tidak didapatkan bakteri pendegradasi. Hal ini disebabkan oleh tidak sesuainya kondisi sampel dengan media pengkayaan. Uji biodegradasi fenantren, piren dan benzo[a]antrasen menunjukkan bahwa isolat bakteri terpilih dari Semarang SalP-4b21 dapat mendegradasi fenantren sebesar 100% sesudah 15 hari kultivasi dan piren sebesar 24,53% sesudah 29 hari kultivasi. Sedangkan isolat KalP-3b22 dari Kumai Kal. Sel. dapat mendegradasi benzo[a]antrasen sebesar 38,2% selama 57 hari dan mendegradasi fenantren sebesar 59,5% sesudah 29 hari kultivasi. Karakterisasi senyawa hasil konversi menggunakan GC-Mass dan Spektroskopi Infra Merah menunjukkan bahwa tahap awal benzo[a]antrasen terkonversi menjadi benzo[a]antrasen 7, 12 diol yang terdeteksi sesudah 22 hari kultivasi dan pada hari ke-50 terdeteksi adanya benzo[a]antrasen 7, 12 dion. Fenantren oleh isolat KalP-3b22 terdegradasi menjadi 1-naftalenol sesudah 29 hari kultivasi, sedangkan oleh isolate SalP- 4b21 menjadi senyawa fenol 2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4 methyl. Jumlah produk konversi piren yang sangat kecil mengakibatkan sulitnya penentuan strukturnya. Karakterisasi 16S-rDNA isolate KalP-3b22 menunjukkan jenis Pseudomonas sp, sedangkan isolat SalP-4b21 adalah Sphingomonas sp.

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In our investigation of bacteria that degrade PAH isolated from Indonesian coastal waters, basically we could conclude that some of Indonesian marine microbial isolated from oil contaminated areas were naturally available remediate the polluted areas. The screening data of this kind of bacteria from four sampling location (Tanjung Mas Semarang Port, Tanjung Priok Jakarta Port, Kumai Kal-Sel Port and Balikpapan Port) showed that almost in every site we could find PAH degrading bacteria. In case we didn? find the PAH degrading bacteria from Tanjung Priok Port was caused by unavailable physical condition sample with enrichment media. PAH Biodegradation test showed that the potent bacteria isolated from Semarang, SalP-4b21 degraded 100% phenanthrene after 15 days cultivation and 24,53% pyren after 29 days cultivation. The second potent bacteria isolated from Kumai Port (KalP-3b22) degraded 59,5% phenanthrene after 29 days cultivation and 38,2% benzo[a]anthracene after 57 days cultivation. Analysis of conversion product using GC-Mass and Infra Red Spectroscopy showed that in the beginning step, benzo[a]anthracene convert to benzo[a]anthracene 7,12 diol, this compound was detected after 22 days cultivation in KalP-3b22 and after 50 days cultivation this compound was converted to benzo[a]anthracene 7, 12 dion. In KalP-3b22 culture, phenantrene was converted to 1-naphtalenol after 29 days."

"L-glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) telah menarik perhatian para peneliti karena manfaatnya dalam industri farmasi dan makanan. Bakteri laut merupakan sumber penghasil L-glutaminase yang paling diminati, terutama untuk memperoleh L-glutaminase yang tahan garam. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan penapisan dan karakterisasi L-glutaminase ekstraselular yang dihasilkan oleh bakteri laut dari perairan Sangihe-Talaud, Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia. Penapisan L-glutaminase secara kualitatif menggunakan media cair (Padma, et.al., 2009) dan metode pengukuran aktivitas L-glutaminase dilakukan secara spektrofotometri berdasarkan metode Imada, et.al (1973). Identifikasi isolat murni dengan aktivitas L-glutaminase paling tinggi dilakukan menggunakan sekuensing gen 16S rRNA. Terdapat 7 isolat menunjukkan hasil positif L-glutaminase, satu diantaranya dengan aktivitas 147,99 U/L atau setara dengan aktivitas spesifik 62,32 Unit/mg dipilih untuk diidentifikasi lebih lanjut. Hasil sekuensing gen 16S rRNA isolat bakteri menunjukkan kemiripan 96% dengan Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8. Parameter fisika yang mempengaruhi produksi L-glutaminase menunjukkan produksi optimum pada suhu 30 0C, kecepatan rotasi 100 rpm, pH media 6, dan konsentrasi starter inokulum 5%. Karakterisasi aktivitas L-glutaminase ekstraselular dari Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8 (isolat II.1) menunjukkan kondisi optimum aktivitas enzim pada suhu 37-45 0C, dan pH 7. Aktivitas enzim stabil pada penambahan larutan NaCl hingga 8% dan aktivitasnya mulai berkurang pada penambahan larutan NaCl 16% dan 20% dengan aktivitas relatif berturut-turut mencapai 79,00% dan 74,22%. Pengaruh penambahan ion-ion logam seperti Mn2+, Mg2+, dan Co2+ menunjukkan kenaikan aktivitas, sedangkan pada penambahan ion logam Zn2+, Fe3+, dan Ca2+ aktivitas enzim menurun. Bobot molekul L-glutaminase berkisar 42 kDa dan 145 kDa.

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L-glutaminase (L-glutamine amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.2) has attracted much attention with respect to proposed applications in both pharmaceuticals and food industries. Salt-tolerant L-glutaminase produced by marine bacteria become the most desirable in food industry. The current work details the screening of L-glutaminase producing marine bacteria from Sangihe-Talaud Sea, in North of Sulawesi, Indonesia. Screening of L-glutaminase was done using a broth medium (Padma et.al., 2009) and measurement of L-glutaminase activity carried out by spectrophotometry (Imada, et.al., 1973). Identification of selected isolate was performed by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence. There are seven isolates showed positive results of L-glutaminase, one of them with the activity 147.99 U/L, equivalent to the specific activity of 62.32 units / mg was selected for further study.

Bacterial identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing has revealed the isolate 96% similarity as Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8. Optimization of physical parameters that affect the production of L-glutaminase production showed an optimum at 30 0C, 100 rpm, pH of medium 6, and with 5% of starter inoculum. Characterization of extracellular L-glutaminase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain CG-T8 (II.1 isolates) showed the enzyme activity was optimum at temperature 37-45 0C, and pH 7. The enzyme activity was stable in the addition of NaCl solution up to 8% and began to decrease on addition of NaCl solution 16% and 20% with relative activity consecutively 79.00% and 74.22%. The effect of metal ions such as Mn2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ showed increased enzyme activity, whereas the addition of others metal ions (Zn2+, Fe3+, and Ca2+) decreased the activity. The molecular weights of L-glutaminase was found around 42 kDa and 145 kDa."

"[ABSTRAKAlkana merupakan komponen senyawa hidrokarbon terbesar sebanyak 60% penyusun utama minyak bumi. Isolat bakteri potensial pendegradasi alkana telah diisolasi dari daerah perairan tercemar tumpahan minyak di Pulau Pari. Penelitian bertujuan untuk memeroleh isolat dengan kemampuan tinggi mendegradasi alkana. Pengukuran pertumbuhan isolat bakteri dilakukan pada ƛ 600 nm dan analisis degradasi alkana dengan metode GC/MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 15 isolat yang diuji pertumbuhannya dengan menggunakan paraffin oil terdapat 2 isolat mewakili dua tipe kurva pertumbuhan yaitu isolat 97 kelompok I dengan pertumbuhan K(+) rendah (OD < 0,1 pada hari ke-12) dan isolat 19 kelompok II dengan pertumbuhan K(+) tinggi (OD ≥ 0,5 pada hari ke-12). Analisis degradasi alkana menunjukkan penurunan luas area pada isolat 97 dengan kemampuan degradasi docosane (C22H46) paling tinggi sebesar 96,04% dan isolat 19 dengan kemampuan degradasi hexadecane (C16H34) paling tinggi sebesar 61,37%. Identifikasi molekuler menggunakan 16S rRNA menunjukkan isolat 97 sebagai Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica dan isolat 19 sebagai Vibrio alginolyticus.ABSTRACTAlkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.;Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively., Alkane is the largest hydrocarbon component of petroleum (60%). Potential alkane degrading bacteria have been isolated from oil contaminated waters at Pari Island. The study aims to obtain isolate with high capability of alkane degradation. The measurement of bacterial growth was performed at ƛ 600 nm and analysis of the alkane degradation with GC/MS method. Isolate 97 and 19 were selected out of 15 isolates with the highest growth represent the two groups of curve growth. Isolate 97 belong to group I with the low growth of K (+) OD <0.1 on day 12 and isolate 19 belong to group II with the high growth of K (+) ≥ 0.5 OD at day 12. The alkane degradation analysis showed isolate 97 had the highest decrease of docosane (C22H46) up to 96.04% and isolates 19 had the highest decrease of hexadecane (C16H34) up to 61.37%. The results of molecular identification using 16S rRNA indicate that isolate 97 and 19 were Pseudoalteromonas lypolitica and Vibrio alginolyticus respectively.]"