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"ABSTRACTPenelitian ini memanfaatkan air terozonasi untuk mempertahankan kualitas ikan tuna dengan melihat pengaruh waktu kontak, suhu kontak serta dosis ozon. Kualitas ikan tuna ditinjau dari Total Bakteri Mesofil Aerobik, nilai pH, kadar air dan kadar protein selama penyimpanan 7 hari. Ikan tuna dikontakkan dengan air terozonasi selama 40, 80, 120 menit. Variasi suhu kontak yakni pada suhu kulkas 8oC, suhu ruang 25oC dan suhu inkubator 37oC. Variasi dosis ozon yang digunakan yaitu 0,30 mg/L dan 0,24 mg/L. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sesaat setelah perendaman, waktu kontak 120 menit mampu mendesinfeksi TBMA hingga 66,7, menurunkan pH sebesar 0,36, menurunkan kadar air 0,26 dan menekan penurunan kadar protein selama penyimpanan menjadi 0,67. Suhu kontak kulkas sesaat setelah perendaman, mampu mendesinfeksi TBMA hingga 91,2, menurunkan pH sebesar 0,46, menurunkan kadar air 0,47 dan menekan penurunan kadar protein selama penyimpanan menjadi 0,22. Dosis ozon 0,30 mg/L sesaat setelah perendaman mampu mendesinfeksi TBMA hingga 66,7, setelah penyimpanan 7 hari mampu menekan penambahan kadar air menjadi 1,2, peningkatan pH sebesar 0,50 dan menekan penurunan kadar protein selama penyimpanan menjadi 0,67.

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ABSTRACTThis research transmitted about the effect ozonated water in controlling quality of tuna by observing the effect of contact time, contact temperature and ozone dosage. The quality standard of tuna is detected from the decrease in the number of aerobic mesophyll bacteria, pH value, water content and the amount of protein tuna. Tuna was contacted to ozonated water for 40, 80, 120 minutes. Contact temperature variation used 37oC incubator temperature, 8oC chiller temperature and room temperature. Meanwhile, ozone dosage variation used 0,3 mg L and 0,24 mg L. The results show that at 120 minutes contact time can eliminate bacteria up to 66,7, pH value decreases to 0,36, water content decreases to 0,26 shortly after tuna was contacted to ozonated water and protein decreases to 0,67 after seven days. At chiller temperature can eliminate bacteria up to 91,2, pH value decreases to 0,46, water content decreases to 0,47 shortly after tuna was contacted to ozonated waterand protein decreases to 0,22 after seven days. Meanwhile highest ozone dosage 0.3 mg L can eliminate bacteria up to 66,7. After 7 days pH value increases to 0,50, water content increases to 1,2 and protein decreases to 0.67."

"Pengembangan energi terbarukan merupakan salah satu tantangan yang harus dihadapi. Lumpur tinja menjadi salah satu alternatif pilihan dalam pengembangan energi tebarukan karena memiliki nilai kalor hingga 19,1 MJ/kg TS. Sehingga, berpotensi diubah menjadi Refused Derived Fuels (RDF). Akan tetapi, lumpur tinja masih memiliki nilai kadar air yang tinggi sehingga perlu proses pengeringan terlebih dahulu dengan menggunakan metode biodrying. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik pertumbuhan mikroorganisme ketika terjadi variasi fraksi organik terhadap pengeringan lumpur tinja dengan metode biodrying. Berdasarkan pengujian tersebut diperoleh fakta bahwa bakteri mesofilik cenderung meningkat pada dua minggu pertama sedangkan bakteri termofilik meningkat pada satu minggu pertama dan ditemukan kolerasi yang lemah antara pertumbuhan mikroorganisme terhadap perubahan variabel volatile solids. Sementara itu, reaktor dengan penambahan fraksi organik terbesar menghasilkan nilai kalor paling baik, yaitu sebesar 14.66 MJ/Kg, kadar air paling rendah, sebesar 37.15%, dan volatile solids paling besar, 30.93%.

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Developing a renewable energy is one challenge that we have to face in the future. Faecal sludge could be an alternative solution in developing renewable energy sources since it has heating value up to 19.1 MJ/Kg TS. Hence, faecal sludge could be processed to Refused Derived Fuel. In the other side, faecal sludge has a high moisture content and should be dried before. This study tried to analyze the characteristics of faecal sludge biodrying and see the microbes activity behind the drying process with different organic fraction mixing. To answer the objectives, this experiment using several key parameters suh as temperature, moisture content, volatile solids, and the amount of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria. The result of this study shows that mesophilic bacteria increased in the first two weeks while thermophilic bacteria increased in the first week and found a low correlation between the growth of microorganisms to changes in volatile solids. Meanwhile, the reactor that with the highest organic fraction shows the best result with calorific value up to 14.66 MJ/Kg, lowest moisture content, 37.15%, and has the highest volatile solids, which is 30.93%."

"Limbah pulp kertas dari proses daur ulang kertas diketahui memiliki potensi nilai kalor yang dapat dijadikan solid recovered fuel. Limbah pulp kertas pada penelitian ini diketahui memiliki kadar air yang tinggi (84,82%) dengan kadar volatile solid sebesar 79,60%, dan rasio C/N 33,58%. Komposisi limbah pulp kertas terdiri dari kertas sebanyak 69,40% dan komposisi plastik sebanyak 30,60%. Dalam upaya menurunkan kadar air dan meningkatan nilai kalor limbah pulp kertas, akan dilakukan pretreatment dengan metode biodrying. Pada penelitian ini, dilakukan biodrying pada feedstock limbah pulp kertas dengan menggunakan campuran sampah daun. Rasio limbah pulp kertas pada tiap reaktor dibuat berbeda. Rasio antara limbah pulp kertas dengan sampah daun pada Reaktor 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut adalah 50:50; 60:40; 80:20. Suhu tertinggi pada biodrying dihasilkan pada Reaktor 3, tetapi Reaktor 3 mengalami penurunan kadar air akhir terkecil (9,13%) dengan penurunan volatile solid terbesar (13,12%). Namun hasil uji ANOVA menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan signifikan (p<0,05) untuk suhu pada tiap reaktor. Performa biodrying yang paling baik dicapai oleh Reaktor 2 karena mengalami penurunan kadar air akhir terbesar (23,04%) dengan penurunan volatile solid terkecil (7,84%). Nilai kalor (LHVwet) produk biodrying pada Reaktor 1, 2, dan 3 berturut-turut 5,95 MJ/kg; 4,68 MJ/kg; 2,86 MJ/kg. Berdasarkan nilai kalor, produk biodrying yang memenuhi standar SRF adalah Reaktor 1 dan Reaktor 2. Panas yang dihasilkan pada proses biodrying merupakan tanda terjadinya aktivitas mikroorganisme dalam mendegradasi senyawa organik. Jenis mikroorganisme yang terdapat pada feedstock biodrying berdasarkan fase suhu yang dihasilkan terdiri dari mikroorganisme mesofilik dan mikroorganisme termofilik. Pada penelitian ini juga diteliti jumlah bakteri mesofilik dan bakteri termofilik selama proses biodrying. Dari pengujian jumlah bakteri dengan metode Total Plate Count (TPC) dihasilkan bakteri mesofilik terbanyak ada pada Reaktor 3 dengan rata-rata 17 x 109 CFU/gram, begitu pula dengan bakteri termofilik dengan rata-rata 13 x 106 CFU/gram. Uji ANOVA menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0,05) untuk jumlah bakteri mesofilik antar reaktor. Jumlah bakteri termofilik juga menghasilkan perbedaan yang signifikan antar reaktor (p>0,05).

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The waste of paper pulp from the paper recycling process is known to have potential heating values ​​that can be used as solid recovered fuel. The paper pulp waste in this study is known to have high water content (84.82%) with a volatile solid content of 79.60%, and C/N ratio of 33.58%. The composition of paper pulp waste consists of 69.40% paper and 30.60% plastic. In an effort to reduce water content and increase the calorific value of paper pulp waste, a pretreatment will be carried out using the biodrying method.

In this study, biodrying was carried out on paper pulp waste feedstock by using a mixture of leaf waste. The ratio of paper pulp waste to each reactor is made different. The ratio between paper pulp waste and leaf waste in Reactors 1, 2, and 3 respectively is 50:50; 60:40; 80:20 The highest temperature on biodrying was generated in Reactor 3, but Reactor 3 decreased the smallest final moisture content (9.13%) with the largest decrease in volatile solids (13.12%). However, the ANOVA test results showed no significant difference (p <0.05) for the temperature of each reactor. The best biodrying performance was achieved by Reactor 2 because it experienced the largest decrease in final moisture content (23.04%) with the smallest volatile solid decline (7.84%).

Calorific value (LHVwet) of biodrying products in Reactor 1, 2, and 3 respectively 5.95 MJ/kg; 4.68 MJ/kg; 2.86 MJ/kg. Based on the heating value, biodrying products that meet the SRF standard are Reactor 1 and Reactor 2. The heat generated in the biodrying process is a sign of the activity of microorganisms in degrading organic compounds. The types of microorganisms found in biodrying feedstock based on the resulting phase temperature consist of mesophilic microorganisms and thermophilic microorganisms.

In this study also examined the number of mesophilic bacteria and thermophilic bacteria during the biodrying process. From testing the number of bacteria using the Total Plate Count (TPC) method produced the most mesophilic bacteria in Reactor 3 with an average of 17 x 109 CFU/gram, as well as thermophilic bacteria with an average of 13 x 106 CFU/gram. ANOVA test showed that there were significant differences (p> 0.05) for the number of mesophilic bacteria between reactors. The number of thermophilic bacteria also produced a significant difference between reactors (p> 0.05)."