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ABSTRAK
Keamanan pangan saat ini telah menjadi isu penting dalam kesehatan masyarakat.Sekitar 10-20 kejadian luar biasa pada penyakit akibat makanan disebabkan oleh terkontaminasinya makanan dan minuman oleh mikroorganisme pathogen melalui penjamah makanan.Sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian mengenai bakteri patogen pada penjamah makanan di kantin ini.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kejadian infeksi bakteri patogen pada penjamah makanan di kantin sebuah kampus di Depok. Disain penelitian yang digunakan adalah cross sectional. Penelitian dilakukan bulan Mei-Juni 2017 di kantin sebuah kampus di Depok.Populasi penelitian ini seluruh penjamah makanan yang berada di kantin sebuah kampus di Depok.Jumlah sampel 60 orang penjamah makanan.Data yang dikumpulkan merupakan data primer yaitu hasil wawancara dan observasi data karakteristik dan perilaku penjamah, serta data infeksi bakteri patogen melalui pemeriksaan feses di laboratorium.Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa 60 penjamah makanan termasuk dalam kelompok umur tidak berisiko 30-50 tahun , proporsi penjamah makanan berjenis kelamin laki-laki sedikit lebih banyak dari perempuan 53,3 , mayoritas berpendidikan rendah 58,3 , setengahnya pernah mengikuti pelatihan kesehatan 50 , dan seluruhnya belum pernah melakukan imunisasi tifoid. Hasil pemeriksaan feses diketahui bahwa ada 3 penjamah makanan yang teridentifikasi mengandung bakteri E.coli O157 dalam fesesnya. Selain itu perilaku dan personal hygiene sebagian besar penjamah termasuk dalam kategori kurang baik, faktor lingkungan seperti fasilitas sanitasi kantin sebagian besar sudah memenuhi syarat, dan 83,3 penjamah tidak ada riwayat kontak dengan binatang. Secara statistik tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara karakteristik, perilaku, personal hygiene, fasilitas sanitasi dan riwayat kontak dengan binatang terhadap infeksi bakteri patogen.Dengan melihat hasil penelitian ini, disarankan agar pihak kampus terus melakukan edukasi terhadap penjamah makanan terkait perilaku dalam pengelolaan makanan dan pengawasan secara rutin terhadap kualitas kesehatan penjamah, kualitas makanan dan kondisi sanitasi agar kantin dan penjamah tidak menjadi sarana penyebaran penyakit.

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ABSTRACT
Current food security has become an important issue in public health. Approximately 10 20 of the extraordinary incidence of foodborne illness is caused by food and drink contamination by pathogenic microorganisms through food handlers. Until now there has been no research on pathogenic bacteria at food handlers in this canteen.The purpose of this study is to know the incidence of pathogenic bacterial infections in food handlers in the cafeteria of a campus in Depok. The research design used was cross sectional. The study was conducted in May June 2017 in the canteen of a campus in Depok. The population of this study is all food handlers located in the cafeteria of a campus in Depok. The sample size is 60 food handlers. The data collected are primary data that is the result of interview and observation of characteristic and behavioral data of the handler, and data of bacterial pathogen infection through stool examination in the laboratory.The results of the study revealed that 60 of food handlers were included in the non risk age group 30 50 years , the proportion of male sex food handlers was slightly higher than women 53.3 , the majority of them were low educated 58.3 , Half have attended health training 50 , and all have never done tifoid immunization. The results of faecal examination revealed that there are 3 food handlers identified contain bacteria E. coli O157 in fesesnya. In addition, the behavior and personal hygiene of most of the handlers are in poor category, environmental factors such as canteen sanitation facilities are largely eligible, and 83.3 of the handlers have no history of contact with animals. There was no statistically significant relationship between characteristics, behavior, personal hygiene, sanitation facilities and contact history with animals against pathogenic bacterial infections.By looking at the results of this study, it is suggested that the campus continue to educate food handlers related to behavior in food management and regular supervision on the quality of health of the handlers, food quality and sanitary conditions for canteen and handlers not be a means of spreading the disease.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang. Kolitis infeksi adalah proses inflamasi pada usus besar yang disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri patogen, seperti Shigella, Salmonella, E.coli, dan Campylobacter. Dibuktikan dengan pemeriksaan kultur tinja, tetapi biayanya cukup mahal, perlu waktu dan tidak selalu tersedia di semua fasilitas kesehatan. Rekomendasi WHO jumlah lekosit lebih dari 10 per LPB untuk Shigella disentriae dengan klinis disentri dan merupakan indikasi pemberian antibiotika. Sering ditemukan anak diare dengan lekosit kurang dari 10/LPB tetapi hasil kultur positif bakteri patogen. Mencari hubungan jumlah lekosit tinja dengan kejadian diare yang disebabkan infeksi bakteri patogen yang memerlukan terapi antibiotika. Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalensi, sebaran bakteri patogen, nilai leukosit mikroskopik tinja pada anak dengan kolitis infeksi bakteri. Mengetahui hubungan leukosit tinja dengan kultur tinja dan pola sensitivitas antibiotika pada kolitis infeksi bakteri. Metode. Penelitian deskriptif dengan metode potong lintang dan uji diagnostik untuk menilai sensitivitas hitung leukosit tinja untuk mendiagnosis kolitis infeksi bakteri. Penelitian dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Rujukan Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta, dari bulan Januari- Juni 2015. Hasil. Dari 45 subjek penelitian ditemukan kultur positif pada 19 subjek (42,2%). Bakteri terbanyak yang ditemukan adalah E.coli (79%), Salmonella sp. (10,5%), dan C.difficille (10,5%). Pada titik potong ROC ditemukan nilai lekosit >8 per LPB dengan sensitivitas 0,654 dan spesifisitas 0.632. E.coli masih memperlihatkan sensitivitas cukup tinggi terhadap kloramfenikol dan siprofloksasin tetapi tidak terhadap sefiksim. Salmonella sp. sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol, sefiksim, dan seftriakson, sedangkan C. difficile sensitif terhadap Seftriakson. Simpulan. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan sebanyak 19 (42,2%) subyek penderita diare hasil kultur tinja positif bakteri patogen dan pada titik potong ROC ditemukan nilai lekosit > 8 per LPB dengan sensitivitas 65.4% dan spesifisitas 63.2%. Pada pola sensitivitas antibiotika, E.coli sensitif terhadap kloramfenikol dan siprofloksasin dan Salmonella dan C.difficile sensitif terhadap seftriakson.

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ABSTRACT
Background. Infective colitis is an inflammatory process in the colon caused by pathogenic bacterial infection, such as Shigella, Salmonella, E.coli, and Campylobacter. Diagnosis is made by fecal culture, but the cost is relatively expensive, time-consuming, and not readily available in every health facility. WHO recommends that fecal leukocyte more than 10 per HPF for the diagnosis of Shigella disentriae with clinical symptom of dysentriae and indicated for antibiotic treatment. Often there are diarrheic children with leukocyte less than 10/HPF but the culture is positive for pathogenic bacteria. This study would like to look for the relationship between fecal leukocyte and incidence of diarrhea caused by pathogenic bacteria infection that requires antibiotic therapy. Objective. To study the prevalence, distribution of pathogenic bacteria, leukocyte count in fecal microscopic test in children with bacterial infective colitis. To study the relationship between fecal leukocyte and fecal culture with sensitivity pattern of antibiotics in bacterial infective colitis. Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study and diagnostic test to study the sensitivity of fecal leukocyte count in diagnosing bacterial infective colitis. Study was performed in the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, from January to June 2015. Results. From 45 study subjects, positive culture was found in 19 subjects (42.2%), and the most common bacteria were E.coli (79%), Salmonella sp. (10.5%), and C. difficille (10,5%). At the ROC we found leukocyte count >8 per HPF as cutoff point with 0.654 sensitivity and 0.632 specificity. E. coli still showed relatively high sensitivity to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, but not to cefixime. Salmonella sp. were sensitive to chloramphenicol, cefixime, and ceftriaxone, while C. difficile were sensitive to ceftriaxone. Conclusion. In this study there were 19 (42.2%) subjects with diarrhea, with positive fecal culture for pathogenic bacteria. At the ROC cutoff point we found leukocyte count > 8 per HPF with 65.4% sensitivity and 63.2% specificity. On the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, E. coli was sensitive to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, while Salmonella dan C.difficile were sensitive to ceftriaxone, Background. Infective colitis is an inflammatory process in the colon caused by pathogenic bacterial infection, such as Shigella, Salmonella, E.coli, and Campylobacter. Diagnosis is made by fecal culture, but the cost is relatively expensive, time-consuming, and not readily available in every health facility. WHO recommends that fecal leukocyte more than 10 per HPF for the diagnosis of Shigella disentriae with clinical symptom of dysentriae and indicated for antibiotic treatment. Often there are diarrheic children with leukocyte less than 10/HPF but the culture is positive for pathogenic bacteria. This study would like to look for the relationship between fecal leukocyte and incidence of diarrhea caused by pathogenic bacteria infection that requires antibiotic therapy. Objective. To study the prevalence, distribution of pathogenic bacteria, leukocyte count in fecal microscopic test in children with bacterial infective colitis. To study the relationship between fecal leukocyte and fecal culture with sensitivity pattern of antibiotics in bacterial infective colitis. Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study and diagnostic test to study the sensitivity of fecal leukocyte count in diagnosing bacterial infective colitis. Study was performed in the Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, from January to June 2015. Results. From 45 study subjects, positive culture was found in 19 subjects (42.2%), and the most common bacteria were E.coli (79%), Salmonella sp. (10.5%), and C. difficille (10,5%). At the ROC we found leukocyte count >8 per HPF as cutoff point with 0.654 sensitivity and 0.632 specificity. E. coli still showed relatively high sensitivity to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, but not to cefixime. Salmonella sp. were sensitive to chloramphenicol, cefixime, and ceftriaxone, while C. difficile were sensitive to ceftriaxone. Conclusion. In this study there were 19 (42.2%) subjects with diarrhea, with positive fecal culture for pathogenic bacteria. At the ROC cutoff point we found leukocyte count > 8 per HPF with 65.4% sensitivity and 63.2% specificity. On the antibiotic sensitivity pattern, E. coli was sensitive to chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin, while Salmonella dan C.difficile were sensitive to ceftriaxone]

Abstrak :
Pada penelitian ini, telah dilakukan preparasi nanokomposit serat nilon-nanosilver yang memiliki sifat antimikroba dengan metode deposisi nanosilver pada serat nilon. Nanosilver dipreparasi dengan menggunakan asam askorbat, natrium borohidrat dan trisodium sitrat, serta dilakukan penambahan polivinil alkohol (PVA) sebagai stabilizer. Proses deposisi nanosilver pada serat nilon dilakukan dengan penambahan polisiloksan sebagai bahan pengikat perak terhadap serat nilon. Dari hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Dari hasil uji antibakteri terhadap sample koloid nanosilver, sample dengan konsentrasi AgNO3 750 ppm dengan reduktor asam askorbat (P3R1) menghasilkan aktivitas antibakteri yang paling optimal dibandingkan dengan yang lainnya. Dengan nilai hambatan yang lebih besar untuk bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dibandingkan Eschericia coli, dengan panjang gelombang maksimum (λmaks) yang dihasilkan oleh koloid nanosilver adalah 418,5 nm dengan nilai absorbansi 2,052. Berdasarkan analisis ukuran partikel, sampel P3R1 memiliki ukuran partikel sebesar 87,5 nm dengan prosentase kumulatif sebesar 68,5%, indeks refraktif sebesar 1,3328, viskositas koloid nanosilver 0,8878, dan konstanta difusi sebesar 1,797 x x10^-8 cm²/sec. Secara keseluruhan ukuran partikel koloid nanosilver antara 50-150 nm memberikan hasil yang baik terhadap aktivitas antibakteri. Hasil analisis FTIR spectrum untuk komposit serat nilon-nanosilver menunjukkan terdapat gugus-gugus amida, vinil alkohol, dan siloksan. Selain itu juga menunjukkan adanya peak baru karena terjadi crosslinking antara nilon, PVA dan polisioksan pada komposit, yang ditunjukkan pada peak 2800-3000 cm^-1. waktu deposisi tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap kerusakan serat. Uji antibakteri untuk komposit dilakukan dengan metode Colony Forming Units (CFU). Dari uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi polisiloksan 2% dan waktu deposisi 5 menit memberikan hasil stabilitas antibakteri yang baik dengan perlakuan beberapa kali pencucian. Analisis morfologi komposit nilon-nanosilver yang telah diinkubasi oleh bakteri, menunjukkan adanya partikel nanosilver yang terdifusi kedalam sel bakteri yang menyebabkan matinya bakteri.

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In this study, we have performed the preparation composite nylon fibers - nanosilver that have antimicrobial properties nanosilver deposition method on nylon fibers. Nanosilver prepared using ascorbic acid, sodium borohidrate, and trisodium citrate via reduction reaction, as well as the addition of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as stabilizer. Nanosilver deposition process performed with the addition of Polysiloxane as nanosilver's binder on nylon fibers. The result showed that of the antibacterial test results on samples of colloidal nanosilver, the sample with a concentration of 750 ppm of AgNO3 with the reducing agent ascorbic acid (P3R1) produce the most optimal antibacterial activity compared with the others, and have a greater resistance value to the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus than Eschericia coli. The maximum wavelength (λmaks) produced by colloidal nanosilver is 418.5 nm with the absorbance value of 2.052. According to the analysis of particle size, sample P3R1 have particle size 87.5 nm with a cumulative percentage is 68.5%, the refractive index 1.3328, nanosilver colloidal viscosity 0.8878, and diffusion constants 1.797x10^-8 cm²/sec. Overall, particle size of nanosilver colloidal between 50-150 nm give good results on antibacterial activity. FTIR spectrum analysis results for nylon-liber composites showed that there were clusters nanosilver-amide group, vinyl alcohol, and siloxane. It also showed a new peak due to the crosslinking between nylon, PVA and polysiloxane on the composite, which is shown at peak 2800-3000 cm^-1. The deposition time does not give effect to the fiber damage. Antibacterial test for composites has been carried out by Colony Forming Units (CFU) methods. From the antibacterial tests showed that the concentration of Polysiloxane 2% and deposition time 5 minutes gave good results with the stability of antibacterial with treatment of several times of washing. Morphology analysis of nylon-nanosilver composite which has incubated by bacteria, indicating the existence of nanosilver particles diffused into the bacterial cell that caused bacterial death.

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ABSTRACT
Penyakit ikan merupakan salah satu masalah serius dalam budidaya ikan. Penyakit ikan dapat disebabkan oleh faktor infeksi (yaitu bakteri) dan faktor non infeksi (yaitu kondisi lingkungan). Karena itu, perlu diberikan senyawa antioksidan dan antibakteri untuk ikan. Eleocharis dulcis atau dikenal sebagai purun tikus/chinese water chesnut adalah tanaman air dari Asia Tenggara yang biasa ditemukan di rawa-rawa. Dalam penelitian sebelumnya, ekstrak metanol daun Eleocharis dulcis menunjukkan aktivitas antioksidan dan ekstrak etanol Eleocharis dulcis peel dilaporkan memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium columnare, Edwardsiella ictaluri dan untuk menentukan kandungan fenolik total dari ekstrak etanol 70% daun Eleocharis dulcis yang diperoleh dari dua metode ekstraksi yaitu maserasi dan UEA. Uji aktivitas antioksidan ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode DPPH dan FRAP. Uji aktivitas antibakteri diukur menggunakan metode difusi cakram dan mikrodilusi. Total konten fenolik ditentukan secara spektrofotometri menurut metode Folin-Ciocalteu. Nilai IC50 dari metode DPPH adalah 46,91 dan 41,00 ppm untuk ekstrak dari maserasi dan metode UEA, masing-masing. Nilai FeEAC dari metode FRAP adalah 223,11 dan 317,95 μmol/g untuk ekstrak dari maserasi dan metode UEA, masing-masing. Dalam metode difusi, zona hambat untuk ekstrak dari maserasi dan metode UEA adalah 7 mm dan 8,8 mm terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila kemudian 6,4 mm dan 7 mm terhadap Flavobacterium columnare. Dalam metode mikrodilusi, nilai MIC adalah 1,56 mg/mL terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila untuk kedua metode ekstraksi. Selain itu, terhadap Flavobacterium columnare dan Edwardsiella ictaluri menunjukkan nilai MIC yang sama, yaitu 6,25 mg/mL untuk ekstrak maserasi dan 3,12 mg/mL untuk ekstrak UEA. Total konten fenol adalah 79,08 mg GAE/gram dan 85,02 mg GAE/gram masing-masing untuk metode maserasi dan UEA. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa metode ekstraksi UEA dapat memperoleh ekstrak daun Eleocharis dulcis dengan aktivitas yang lebih baik, yaitu aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat meskipun aktivitas antibakteri yang lemah terhadap Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium columnare dan Edwardsiella ictaluri.

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ABSTRACT
Fish disease is one of the serious problems in fish farming. Fish disease can be caused by infectious factors (ie bacteria) and non-infectious factors (ie environmental conditions). Therefore, it is necessary to provide antioxidant and antibacterial compounds for fish. Eleocharis dulcis or known as purun rat/chinese water chesnut is an aquatic plant from Southeast Asia commonly found in swamps. In a previous study, Eleocharis dulcis leaf methanol extract showed antioxidant activity and ethanol extract of Eleocharis dulcis peel was reported to have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium columnare, Edwardsiella ictaluri and to determine the total phenolic content of 70% ethanol extract of Eleocharis dulcis leaves obtained from two extraction methods namely maceration and UAE. The antioxidant activity test was determined using the DPPH and FRAP methods. Antibacterial activity test was measured using the disk diffusion and microdilution methods. The total phenolic content was determined spectrophotometrically according to the Folin-Ciocalteu method. IC50 values ​​from the DPPH method were 46.91 and 41.00 ppm for extracts from maceration and the UAE method, respectively. The FeEAC values ​​from the FRAP method were 223.11 and 317.95 μmol/g for extracts from maceration and the UAE method, respectively. In the diffusion method, the inhibitory zone for extracts from maceration and the UAE method are 7 mm and 8.8 mm against Aeromonas hydrophila then 6.4 mm and 7 mm against Flavobacterium columnare. In the microdilution method, the MIC value is 1.56 mg/mL against Aeromonas hydrophila for both extraction methods. In addition, the Flavobacterium columnare and Edwardsiella ictaluri showed the same MIC value, ie 6.25 mg/mL for maceration extract and 3.12 mg/mL for UAE extract. The total phenol content was 79.08 mg GAE/gram and 85.02 mg GAE/gram respectively for maceration and UAE methods. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the UAE extraction method can obtain Eleocharis dulcis leaf extract with better activity, namely strong antioxidant activity despite weak antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila, Flavobacterium columnare and Edwardsiella ictaluri.

Abstrak :
Photorhabdus luminescens Hj is an entomopathogenic bacterium that has a high toxicity against Tenebrio molitor larvae....

Abstrak :
Pengemasan makanan penting dari produk makanan untuk melindungi kualitas makanan dan keamanan dari produk makanan. Material pembungkus makanan dengan ketahanan tarik, ketahanan panas, biodegradable, dan memiliki sifat antibakteri diperlukan untuk keamanan makanan dan memperpanjang waktu penyimpanan, terutama dari kontaminasi makanan akibat bakteri patogen makanan. Kini, plastik berbahan dasar minyak bumi digunakan dalam industri pengemasan makanan. Plastik ini sulit didegradasi sehingga menyebabkan masalah lingkungan yang serius. Oleh karena itu, plastik biodegradable dengan penambahan senyawa antibakteri dibutuhkan. PVA/pati crosslink sering digunakan sebagai material pengemasan makanan karena harganya murah, biodegradable, dan memiliki sifat mekanik yang baik. Daun kelor mudah dicari, harganya murah, dan memiliki sifat antibakteri yang baik. Inilah yang menyebabkan daun kelor sebagai kandidat yang baik sebagai senyawa antibakteri pada bioplastik. Oleh karena itu, pada penelitian ini dibuat bioplastik Poli(vinil alkohol) (PVA)/pati ter-crosslink dengan penambahan senyawa antibakteri dari ekstrak daun kelor. Bioplastik PVA/pati crosslink dibuat dengan terlebih dahulu daun kelor yang telah dicuci bersih dimaserasi, dikeringkan dan digerus hingga berukuran kecil dengan pelarut metanol, setelah itu ekstrak kemudian dipisahkan dengan pelarut etil asetat. Setelah dipisahkan, fasa organik dan fasa air dari ekstrak daun kelor diambil, lalu masing-masing diencerkan dengan air dengan konsentrasi 1:20 dan 2:20 (v/v), kemudian dibuat menjadi bioplastik dengan reaksi crosslink antara PVA dengan pati. Senyawa bioplastik yang terbentuk kemudian dikarakterisasi dengan instrumen FTIR, TGA, SEM, dan uji antibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphlyococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Bioplastik dengan ketahanan panas terbaik ialah bioplastik PVA/pati dengan ekstrak daun kelor pada fasa air dengan pengenceran 2:20, dengan ketahanan panas hingga suhu 190oC.

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Food packaging is an essential part of food products to protect food quality and safety of food products. Food packaging materials with sufficient thermal stability, mechanical strength, and antibacterial properties is necessary for food safety and extending the shelf life of packaged foods, especially from food contamination by foodborne pathogens. Currently, petroleum-based plastics used to the food packaging industry. However, this kind of plastic is non-degradable and can cause a more serious environmental problem. Therefore, biodegradable plastic with the addition of antibacterial is needed. PVA/starch crosslinked bioplastic is commonly used as a food packaging material because its cheap, biodegradable and have excellent mechanical properties. Kelor (Moringa oleifera) leaf has an antibacterial ability due to its active compounds such as tannin and flavonoid. Kelor leaf is also cheap and easy to find in Indonesia, making it a right candidate for an antibacterial compound for food plastics. Hence, in this research, we made bioplastic PVA/starch crosslink with the addition of antibacterial compound from kelor leaf. Bioplastic PVA/starch crosslink made by maceration of kelor leaf with methanol solvent, then the product separated by extraction with a mixture of ethyl acetate concentrated and water solvent. After being separated, water and organic phase of each extract were diluted by distilled water with concentration 1:20 and 2:20 (v/v), and each concentration was made bioplastic by cross-linking poly(vinyl alcohol) and starch. Each plastic product was characterized by FTIR, SEM, and antibacterial test with S.aureus and E.coli. The best heat-resistant bioplastic was PVA/starch bioplastic with Kelor leaf extract in the water phase with a dilution of 2:20, which has heat resistance up to 190oC.